LIKE BIRDS AND BEASTS: JUSTIFYING VIOLENCE AGAINST CATHOLICS IN LATE CHOSŎN KOREA
0
조회
0
다운로드
1
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
In 1839, on the twelfth day of the fourth month, after suffering torture and an imprisonment of three years, Magdalene Kim Ŏbi, a commoner widow in her sixties, was beheaded for practicing Catholicism. As an elderly widow, she was supposed to receive special protection from her government. How then did the Chosŏn state justify killing her? In order to answer this question, this article will survey public proclamations against Catholicism issued in 1801, 1839, 1866, and 1881. In the course of this article, I will argue that these edicts created an image of Catholics and the religion they followed as such a serious threat that their executions were necessary for the good of the state, the civilization it defended, and the people it governed. In particular, I will contend that Catholics were primarily portrayed as rebels and animals, rhetorically transforming them from subjects deserving protection to dangerous beasts needing to be slaughtered. These portrayals not only justified the violent suppression of Catholicism, but also provided a useful foil against which the state could justify its own rule, presenting itself as the beleaguered defender of true civilization against bestial, rebellious followers of an evil religion and therefore the center around which the people of Chosŏn must rally around and to which they must give their ultimate loyalty. In turn, these extreme images helped drive the suppressions, making them more expansive and intense than they might otherwise have been, leading to a level of state violence directed against the common people not seen previously in Korean history.
Abstract
In 1839, on the twelfth day of the fourth month, after suffering torture and an imprisonment of three years, Magdalene Kim Ŏbi, a commoner widow in her sixties, was beheaded for practicing Catholicism. As an elderly widow, she was supposed to receive special protection from her government. How then did the Chosŏn state justify killing her? In order to answer this question, this article will survey public proclamations against Catholicism issued in 1801, 1839, 1866, and 1881. In the course of this article, I will argue that these edicts created an image of Catholics and the religion they followed as such a serious threat that their executions were necessary for the good of the state, the civilization it defended, and the people it governed. In particular, I will contend that Catholics were primarily portrayed as rebels and animals, rhetorically transforming them from subjects deserving protection to dangerous beasts needing to be slaughtered. These portrayals not only justified the violent suppression of Catholicism, but also provided a useful foil against which the state could justify its own rule, presenting itself as the beleaguered defender of true civilization against bestial, rebellious followers of an evil religion and therefore the center around which the people of Chosŏn must rally around and to which they must give their ultimate loyalty. In turn, these extreme images helped drive the suppressions, making them more expansive and intense than they might otherwise have been, leading to a level of state violence directed against the common people not seen previously in Korean history.
참고문헌 (52)
- Baker, Don, "Confucians Confront Catholicism in Eighteenth-century Korea", 박사, pp.1983
- 돈 베이커, "Korean Spirituality" (2008), Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press
- Cha Kijin, (2002), Han’guk Kyohoesa Yŏn’guso
- Chang Tongha, (2005), Kat’ollik Ch’ulpan’sa
- Chang Tongha, (2006), Kat’ollik Ch’ulp’ansa
- Cho Kwang, (2010), Kyŏngin Munhwasa
- Chŏng Tuhoe, ", In Sinyu pakhae wa Hwang Sayŏng paeksŏ sakkŏn", pp.55~76 (2003), Han’guk Sun’gyoja Hyŏnyang Wiwŏnhoe
- Chŏng Yakchong, (1997), Sŏng Hwang Sŏktu Ruga Sŏwŏn
- Cho Kwang, , Han’guk Sun’gyoja Hyŏnyang Wiwŏnhoe
- "Chosŏn wangjo sillok. vol. 47 (Sunjo sillok, yr. 1, 10. 27 kyŏngo)", 410~
- "Chosŏn wangjo sillok. vol. 47 (Sunjo sillok, yr. 1, 12. 22 kapja)", 419~
- "Chosŏn wangjo sillok. vol. 48 (Hŏnjong sillok, yr. 5, 18. 10 kyŏngjin)", 469~
- (1997), Han’guk Sun’gyoja Hyŏnyang Wiwŏnhoe
- Ch’oe Ch’anghwa, "Sinyu pakhae wa Hwang Sayŏng Paeksŏ sakkŏn" (2003), Han’guk Sun’gyoja Hyŏnyang Wiwŏnhoe
- Ch’oe Sŏnhye, ", In Han’guk Ch’ŏnjugyohoesa" (2010), Han’guk Kyohoesa Yŏn’guso
- Deuchler, Martina, "Confucian Gentlemen and Barbarian Envoys: The Opening of Korea, 1875-1885" (1977), University of Washington Press
- Duus, Peter, "The Abacus and the Sword: The Japanese Penetration of Korea, 1895-1910" (1998), University of California Press
- Finch, Andrew, "The Pursuit of Martyrdom in the Catholic Church in Korea before 1866", Journal of Ecclesiastical History, 60(1), pp.95~118 (2009)
- Han’guk Ch’ŏnjugyo Chugyohoe ŭi Sibok Sisŏng Chugyo T’ŭkpyŏl Wiwŏnhoe, (2003), Taekyo K’ŏmyunik’eisyŭn
- Hara, Takemichi, "Korea, China, and Western Barbarians: Diplomacy in Early Nineteenth-Century Korea", Modern Asian Studies, 32(2), pp.393~401 (1998)
- Hyŏn Songmun, (1839), Sŏng Hwang Sŏktu Luga Sŏwŏn
- Joseph Ch’ang-mun Kim, "Catholic Korea: Yesterday and Today" (1984), St. Joseph Publishing Co
- Juergensmeyer, Mark, "A Sociological Approach to Understanding Religious Violence, In Oxford Handbook of Religion and Violence" (2011), Oxford University Press
- Kane, Daniel C., "A Forgotten Firsthand Account of the Pyŏng’in yangyo (1866): An Annotated Translation of the Narrative of G. Pradier", Seoul Journal of Korean Studies, 21(1), pp.51~85 (2008)
- Ki-Hiuk Kim, "The Last Phase of the East Asian Order: Korea, Japan, and the Chinese Empire, 1860-1882" (1980), University of California Press
- Kim Chinso, ", In Sinyu pakhae wa Hwang Sayŏng paeksŏ sakkŏn", pp.103~138 (2003), Han’guk Sun’gyoja Hyŏnyang Wiwŏnhoe
- . vol. 1 (yr. 3. 1. 24 kapsin),
- . vol. 1 (yr. 3, 8. 3 kich’uk),
- . book 22, vol. 18, 20A (yr. 18, 15. 5 sinsa),
- Cho Kwang, (1997), Han’guk Sun’gyoja Hyŏnyang Wiwŏnhoe
- Palais, James, "Politics and Policy in Traditional Korea" (1991), Harvard University East Asia Center
- Pang Sanggŭn, "Pyŏngin pakhae, In Han’guk Ch’ŏnjugyohoesa" (2010), Han’guk Kyohoesa Yŏn’guso
- 백승종, "조선후기 천주교와《鄭鑑錄》: 소문화집단의 상호작용", 교회사연구, 30(30), pp.5~46 (2008), (재)한국교회사연구소
- Pyŏn Chusŭng, ", In Sinyu pakhae wa Hwang Sayŏng paeksŏ sakkŏn", pp.35~54 (2003), Han’guk Sun’gyoja Hyŏnyang Wiwŏnhoe
- 프랭클린 라우시, "Wicked Officials and Virtuous Martyrs: an analysis of the martyr biographies in Alexius Hwang Sayŏng's Silk Letter", 교회사연구, 32(32), pp.5~30 (2009), (재)한국교회사연구소
- Cho Kwang, (1999), Han’guk Sun’gyoja Hyŏnyang Wiwŏnhoe
- "Sŭngjŏngwŏn ilgi. vol. 97 (Sunjo, yr. 1, 1. 10 chŏnghae)", 287~289
- "Sŭngjŏngwŏn ilgi. vol. 97 (Sunjo, yr. 1, 10. 15 muo)", 434~438
- "Sŭngjŏngwŏn ilgi. vol. 97 (Sunjo, yr. 1, 10. 27 kyŏngo)", 972~974
- "Sŭngjŏngwŏn ilgi. vol. 98 (Sunjo, yr. 1, 11. 5 muin)", 17~18
- "Sŭngjŏngwŏn ilgi. vol. 98 (Sunjo, yr. 1, 11. 6. kimyo)", 20~21
- "Sŭngjŏngwŏn ilgi. vol. 98 (Sunjo, yr. 1, 11. 7 kyŏngsul)", 23~
- "Sŭngjŏngwŏn ilgi. vol. 98 (Sunjo, year 1, 11. 8 sinhae)", 25~27
- "Sŭngjŏngwŏn ilgi. vol. 98 (Sunjo, yr. 1, 11. 9 imja)", 28~
- "Sŭngjŏngwŏn ilgi. vol. 98 (Sunjo, yr. 1, 11. 27 kyŏngja)", 49~
- "Sŭngjŏngwŏn ilgi. vol. 98 (Sunjo, yr. 1, 12. 18 kyŏngsin)", 86~
- Tai-sik Jung, "Religion and Politics: Persecution of Catholics in the Late Chosŏn Dynasty Korea", 박사, pp.2001
- Torrey, Deberniere J., "The Record of a Dream of Yi Byeok, In The Translation Series of the Korean Christian Classics, vol. 1" (2007), The Korean Christian Museum at Soongsil Universit
- Yi Changu, (2010), Han’guk Kyohoesa Yŏn’guso
- Yŏ Chinch’ŏn, (2009), Han’guk Kyohoesa Yŏn’guso
- Yŏ Chinch’ŏn, (2005), Kukhak Charyowŏn
- Yŏ Chinch’ŏn, (1999), Kippŭn Sosik