라틴아메리카의 새로운 헌정주의
Nuevo Constitucionalismo Latinoamericano
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라틴아메리카의 새로운 헌정주의(NCL)는 콜롬비아 헌법 제정 이후 라틴아메리카 헌정주의의 흐름을 가리키는 용어로 등장했다. 2010년 NCL에 대한 연구가 본격적 으로 활성화된 결정적 계기는 에콰도르 헌법(2008)과 볼리비아 헌법(2009)의 제정 이었다. 근대 헌정주의의 역사를 돌이켜보면, 정치·사회적 위기의 시기에 새 헌법이 등장했고, 새 헌법 제정을 통해 국가와 사회가 바라는 미래에 대한 비전을 담고 있 다. NCL에 대한 평가가 엇갈리는 상황에서 에콰도르와 볼리비아 헌법은 신자유주 의 세계화로 인한 급격한 정치·사회적 변화 속에서 새 헌법을 만드는 혁신적이고 해방적인 능력으로 주목받았다. 본 연구는 NCL의 ‘새로움’을 실천적 차원에서는 민주적 정당성과 제헌권력, 이 론적 차원에서는 새로운 헌법의 권리장전을 중심으로 분석한다. 이를 위해 제2장에 서는 독립 이후 라틴아메리카 헌정주의의 변화 궤적을 살펴본다. 제3장에서는 헌법 해석의 기준이 되는 제1원칙을 바탕으로 라틴아메리카의 헌정주의에 영향을 미친 신헌정주의와 법치국가에서 헌정국가로의 이행의 이론적 틀을 살펴본다. 헌법의 중 심성을 인정한다는 점에서 신헌정주의와 같은 입장이지만, NCL의 주된 관심사는 민주적 정당성에 관한 것이라는 점에서 신헌정주의와 다르다. IV장에서는 NCL의 민주적 정당성, 헌법적 권한, 헌법의 권리장전을 분석하고, 마지막 5장에서는 NCL 이 해결해야 할 과제를 살펴본다.
Abstract
Nuevo Constitutionalismo Latinoamericano(NCL) emerged as a term to refer to the flow of constitutions in Latin America after the enactment of the Colombian constitution. The decisive moment that research on NCL became active in 2010 was the enactment of the Constitution of Ecuador(2008) and the Constitution of Bolivia(2009). Looking back on the history of modern constitutionalism, a new constitution emerged in a time of political and social crisis, and it contains a vision for the future the country and society hope for through the enactment of the new constitution. Among the mixed evaluations of the NCL, attention was focused on the Constitution of Ecuador and Bolivia because of its innovative and emancipator ability to create a new constitution amid the rapid political and social changes brought about by neoliberal globalization. This study analyzes the ‘newness’ of the NCL, focusing on democratic legitimacy and constituent power at the practical level and the new constitutional bill of rights at the theoretical level. To this end, in chapter II we will examine the trajectory of changes in Latin American constitutionalism since independence. Chapter III examines the neoconstitucionalism that influenced constitutionalism in Latin America as well as the theoretical framework for the transition from the rule of law to a constitutional state based on the first principle that serves as a standard for constitutional interpretation. Although it is in the same position as the new constitutionalism in recognizing the centrality of the constitution, it differs from the new constitutionalism in that the main concern of the NCL is about democratic legitimacy. Chapter IV analyzes the democratic legitimacy of the NCL, constitutional power, and the Constitution's Bill of Rights, and the final chapter V examines the tasks that the NCL must solve.
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