治術與信仰：清前期祀孔典制變遷論析
Power and Belief: A Discussion and Analysis About the Change of the System of Sacrificing Confucius in the Early Qing Dynasty
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Began in period of Spring and Autumn, the Worship Confucius system formed in the Han Dynasty in state . It was expanded in the Wei and Jin Dynasty , culminated in the Sui and Tang Dynasties . And change from Song Dynasty to Ming dynasty and continue to the Qing dynasty, about two thousand years ago. Worship Confucius is one of the important tradition to express respect for Confucius and after emperor LiuChe of the Han dynasty listed Confucian culture as the ruling ideology, it was of great political significance to sacrifice Confucius. At the beginning of the Qing dynasty,emperor of Qing adopted the policy of respecting and valuing Confucianism.At this time, the system of sacrificing Confucius is completely consistent with the Ming Dynasty.In a prosperous time,Qing emperors formulated their own systems and laws by referring to the relevant systems and laws of the Ming Dynasty and combining with the actual situation of their own nation——Emperor Kangxi imitated the system of Han Dynasty to visit Qufu.He used courtiers' etiquette to worship Confucius that prostrating oneself three times and kowtowing nine times. He created a system of worshipping Confucius during the Empire's East Visit, which was the beginning of all change. In the Yongzheng Era,the worship of Confucius was fully upgraded. First, the emperor personally offered sacrifices to Confucius and established the system of the emperor himself to sacrifice. He later changed “xingxue” to “yixue”, conferred the title of king to Confucius' ancestor and established a system of "zhaijie" in birthday of Confucius and a system for avoiding the use of Confucius' names in daily use. Emperor Qianlong imitated his grandfather. He visited the Qufu eight times and offered sacrifices to Confucius. When he visited Rehe and other places, he also went to the local Confucian temple to worship Confucius. At same time, he builded a system of the emperor himself went to the school to lecture. In addition, he imitated the ancient system and established the Piyong temple . In the Qianlong Era, a new ritual of worshipping Confucius in Qing Dynasty was formed, which was different from that of the previous dynasties. Through the study of the change of the system, we find that power and belief in this common play in the works. On the one hand, the Qing government must actively use Confucian “Dao Tong” to maintain “Zhi Tong”based on political needs. On the other hand, the power of faith of Confucian “Dao Tong” is also playing a role at all times, thus making these "foreign" rulers gradually form a high degree of cultural identity. Key Words: Rituals of sacrificing Confucius The Rituals of The Sacrifice of Confucius in the Qing Dynasty Power and Belief Cultural Identity in the Qing Dynasty
Abstract
Began in period of Spring and Autumn, the Worship Confucius system formed in the Han Dynasty in state . It was expanded in the Wei and Jin Dynasty , culminated in the Sui and Tang Dynasties . And change from Song Dynasty to Ming dynasty and continue to the Qing dynasty, about two thousand years ago. Worship Confucius is one of the important tradition to express respect for Confucius and after emperor LiuChe of the Han dynasty listed Confucian culture as the ruling ideology, it was of great political significance to sacrifice Confucius. At the beginning of the Qing dynasty,emperor of Qing adopted the policy of respecting and valuing Confucianism.At this time, the system of sacrificing Confucius is completely consistent with the Ming Dynasty.In a prosperous time,Qing emperors formulated their own systems and laws by referring to the relevant systems and laws of the Ming Dynasty and combining with the actual situation of their own nation——Emperor Kangxi imitated the system of Han Dynasty to visit Qufu.He used courtiers' etiquette to worship Confucius that prostrating oneself three times and kowtowing nine times. He created a system of worshipping Confucius during the Empire's East Visit, which was the beginning of all change. In the Yongzheng Era,the worship of Confucius was fully upgraded. First, the emperor personally offered sacrifices to Confucius and established the system of the emperor himself to sacrifice. He later changed “xingxue” to “yixue”, conferred the title of king to Confucius' ancestor and established a system of "zhaijie" in birthday of Confucius and a system for avoiding the use of Confucius' names in daily use. Emperor Qianlong imitated his grandfather. He visited the Qufu eight times and offered sacrifices to Confucius. When he visited Rehe and other places, he also went to the local Confucian temple to worship Confucius. At same time, he builded a system of the emperor himself went to the school to lecture. In addition, he imitated the ancient system and established the Piyong temple . In the Qianlong Era, a new ritual of worshipping Confucius in Qing Dynasty was formed, which was different from that of the previous dynasties. Through the study of the change of the system, we find that power and belief in this common play in the works. On the one hand, the Qing government must actively use Confucian “Dao Tong” to maintain “Zhi Tong”based on political needs. On the other hand, the power of faith of Confucian “Dao Tong” is also playing a role at all times, thus making these "foreign" rulers gradually form a high degree of cultural identity. Key Words: Rituals of sacrificing Confucius The Rituals of The Sacrifice of Confucius in the Qing Dynasty Power and Belief Cultural Identity in the Qing Dynasty
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