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중국의 두 자녀 정책이 고용상의 성차별에 미친 영향

The Impact of Two-Child Policy on Discrimination against Women Workers in China

이주희|호몽요
여성학연구소 (Institute of Women's Studies)|2023.06|젠더와 문화 (Gender and Culture)|제16권 제1호|pp. 117-152|DOI 10.20992/gc.2023.06.16.1.117

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키워드

중국성차별ChinaGender Discrimination여성고용가부장제PatriarchyFemale Employment두 자녀 정책Two-child Policy
주제분류여성학

초록

이 연구는 중국이 저출산 위기로 인해 2016년부터 도입한 두 자녀 정책이 여성고용차별에 미친 영향을 총 19명을 대상으로 한 심층면접을 통해 분석하였다. 차별금지법 없이 기업에 부담을 강제하는 출산 및 육아휴직제도는 기업의 성차별적 고용관행을 더욱 강화할 수 있다. 분석 결과, 대다수 기업은 여성 채용을 기피하였으며, 일부 기업은 드러내 놓고 남성을 선호했다. 또한, 여성을 채용하더라도 임금을 낮추고 채용에서 배제하는 방식으로 그 비용을 다시 여성에게 돌렸다. 사회주의 시기 공공 육아서비스에 대한 지원이 급감한 상태에서 가부장제의 영향에서 벗어나지 못한 여성들도 자녀를 원하지 않거나 퇴직을 선택하는 일이 잦아졌는데, 이는 다시 기업이 여성을 채용하지 않으려 하는 악순환을 불러왔다. 고용상의 성평등을 지원하는 법 제도와 성평등한 복지국가의 지원이 없는 한 출산 촉진정책만으로는 출산율 제고가 가능하지 않고 오히려 여성에 대한 고용차별만 악화될 수 있다는 이 연구의 정책적 시사점은 유사한 상황에 있는 한국에도 적용된다.

Abstract

This article investigates the impact of the Two-Child Policy on women’s employment in China, based on in-depth interviews with 19 workers. Following China’s Reform and Opening, there has been a resurgence of patriarchal norms that assume women’s primary role as child caregivers. The transition to a socialist market economy has resulted in reduced family spending and a significant decline in high-quality public childcare services. Simultaneously, the implementation of compulsory “women-friendly policies” has burdened companies with the responsibility of hiring women of childbearing age, leading to strong incentives for discrimination against female employees. Consequently, a majority of women participants in this study reported encountering pervasive gender and pregnancy-based discrimination. The study’s findings strongly indicate that promoting childbirth without addressing gender equality not only leads to decreased fertility rates but also exacerbates gender discrimination in the workplace. In the conclusion, we discuss the policy implications of this study on South Korea.

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