Transnationalism, Cosmopolitanism, Diaspora: How China Is Changing U.S. Cultural Theory
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As America becomes less “multicultural” and more “diasporic,” its connection to the lands of former migrants becomes both more significant and fraught. The Chinese diaspora in America is a strong case in point. This paper attempts to show that the recent rise of three concepts of globality―namely, transnationalism, cosmopolitanism and diaspora―is intimately tied to the effort of diasporic Chinese intellectuals to theorize a “Chineseness” that is distinct from the Chinese nation state. The paper reviews the cultural theory of Aihwa Ong, Ien Ang and Pheng Cheah, three critics whose work is arguably changing the contours of U.S. cultural theory. Aihwa Ong’s analysis of a new class of Chinese migrants offers a strong challenge to metropolitan theories of postcoloniality as well as core- periphery models of economic development. Ong characterizes the transnational practices of this group of overseas Chinese as resistant to national, state- sponsored culture, deeply strategic and pragmatic, aggressively capitalistic, disciplinary and patriarchal in familial practice, and flexible in choice of political citizenship. If Ong attends to a Chinese transnationalism that is politically and culturally ambiguous, Ang and Cheah are more interested in theorizing Chinese forms of “minor transnationalism” that are resistant to the centralizing ambitions of the Chinese diaspora and attuned to interventionist politics. Both Ang and Cheah adopt a cautionary attitude toward celebratory models of Chinese transnationalism and diaspora. What is certain is that the new Chinese diasporas of our moment complicate the traditional associations of diaspora with forced exile, while also retaining a distance from the celebratory notion of diaspora as sheer diversity and multiplicity.
Abstract
As America becomes less “multicultural” and more “diasporic,” its connection to the lands of former migrants becomes both more significant and fraught. The Chinese diaspora in America is a strong case in point. This paper attempts to show that the recent rise of three concepts of globality―namely, transnationalism, cosmopolitanism and diaspora―is intimately tied to the effort of diasporic Chinese intellectuals to theorize a “Chineseness” that is distinct from the Chinese nation state. The paper reviews the cultural theory of Aihwa Ong, Ien Ang and Pheng Cheah, three critics whose work is arguably changing the contours of U.S. cultural theory. Aihwa Ong’s analysis of a new class of Chinese migrants offers a strong challenge to metropolitan theories of postcoloniality as well as core- periphery models of economic development. Ong characterizes the transnational practices of this group of overseas Chinese as resistant to national, state- sponsored culture, deeply strategic and pragmatic, aggressively capitalistic, disciplinary and patriarchal in familial practice, and flexible in choice of political citizenship. If Ong attends to a Chinese transnationalism that is politically and culturally ambiguous, Ang and Cheah are more interested in theorizing Chinese forms of “minor transnationalism” that are resistant to the centralizing ambitions of the Chinese diaspora and attuned to interventionist politics. Both Ang and Cheah adopt a cautionary attitude toward celebratory models of Chinese transnationalism and diaspora. What is certain is that the new Chinese diasporas of our moment complicate the traditional associations of diaspora with forced exile, while also retaining a distance from the celebratory notion of diaspora as sheer diversity and multiplicity.
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