토마 피케티의 자본 개념과 경제적 불평등
Thomas Piketty’s Concept of Capital and Economic Inequality
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초록
이 글은 피케티의 『21세기 자본』이 신고전학파 이론과 경제적 불평등에 대한 중상층의 관점에 기초하였기 때문에 대중적으로는 성공했지만, 역설적이게도 바로 그이유 때문에 그의 이론은 학술적으로는 성공할 수 없었다고 주장한다. 그는 그러한이론과 관점에 맞게 최근 선진국들에서 불평등이 증가한 원인을 생산부문에서 임금이 정체하고 이윤이 증대한 것이 아니라 자산시장에서 부의 소유가 더 불평등하게된 것에서 찾는다. 그러한 인식이 피케티로 하여금 자본 개념을 자산 개념으로 대체하게 만들었다. 그러나 이 글은 최근의 자산 가치 상승은 주로 주택과 주식 같은자산들의 가격 상승에 기인할 뿐이며 자산시장 팽창은 실물 투자 위축을 반영한다는 피케티에 대한 비판들을 살펴보고, 그러한 비판들이 자산 소유의 불평등이 최근의 불평등 증가의 근본적인 원인이라는 그의 주장이 이론적·실증적으로 타당하지않음을 입증한다고 주장한다.
Abstract
This paper argues that Piketty’s Capital in the Twenty-First Century has been commercially successful because it is based on neoclassical economics and the middle and upper classes’perspectives on economic inequality, but it failed academically for precisely the same reason. Piketty tried to find the main cause of the recent rising inequality in several advanced countries not in production but in assets markets, and accordingly he had to redefine the concept of capital as an asset or wealth. But the recent rise in asset values is mainly due to the increase of housing and stock prices and it reflect the stagnation of real productive investment, as many critics of Piketty’s book have shown. This paper emphasizes that such criticisms invalidate theoretically and empirically Piketty’s argument that inequality in the ownership of assets is the main cause of recently-increasing inequality.
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