殷周金文從 “爵”字考
The Study of Inscription on Ancient Bronze Objects about “爵” in Yin and Zhou Dynasties
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殷周金文是现存最早的成系统的汉民族书面语言之一, 是殷周社会历史 的载体, 也是中国语言与文化可追溯的最早源头之一, 对其考证具有重要 意义。本文主要研究殷周時期金文中“爵”字及與“爵”相關的文字, 在甲骨 文中, “爵”字多象青銅爵器之形, 字形上有柱, 中有腹, 下有足。殷周金文 “爵”有的與甲骨文形似, 有的由於書寫工具不同而與甲骨文“爵”筆勢存在 差異。金文中在象形“爵”字右下加“又”(手), 此爲“爵”字繁構, 究其原因在 於殷周青銅爵爲右手爵。在 ≪史獸鼎≫中字, 當爲從爵正聲, 為“ ”, 是“爵”的別稱。從語法結構及字形、語音、語義來考釋了“ ”字。“ 、 和”出現的文本語境相類似, 當同一個字的異體字, 隸定爲“ ”。 “ ”音 爲“共”, 銘文“爵”上爲“同”, “同”爲聲符, “爵”下爲“廾”, “廾”爲意符, 也可 以为声符, “ ”與“共”也爲異體字, 後“ ”逐漸消失, 只存“共”, 表示“共”語 義的字後分化“恭”、 “供”, 由“供”引申出“功”意。
Abstract
The article mainly studies inscription on ancient bronze objects about “爵” and the related inscription in Yin and zhou dynasties. In oracle bone inscriptions, the inscription “爵”s are more like the shape of the bronze count, and the shape of inscription “爵” we can see the column, abdomen and foot of the bronze count. The some inscriptions “爵” in Yin and Zhou dynasties are more like the oracle bone inscription “爵”, some are different from the oracle bone inscription due to different tools. In the inscription on ancient bronze objects, the “又” is added to the lower right of the inscription “爵”, that is the complex writing method of the inscription “爵”, because the Bronze Count was the count with the right hand during the Yin and Zhou period. In the Shi Shou Ding, the inscription is related to the meaning of “爵”, the sound of the inscription reading “正”, “ ” is another name of the “爵”. The inscription “ ” is explained from the grammar structure, shape, pronunciation, and semantics. “ 、和” appear in a similar textual context. They are the variants of the same character, it is written as the character “ ”. The pronunciation of the “ ” is “共”, the “同” is above the inscription “爵”, and it is the symbol of the pronunciation, “廾” is below the “爵”, and it is the symbol of the meaning.“ ” and “共” are also variants, then “ ” was gradually disappeared, only “共” remained, the character meaning “共” semantics become two words “恭”、“供”, the meaning of “供” became the meaning of credit.
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