Civil-Military Cooperation in International Disaster Response: the Japanese Self Defense Forces? Deployment in Aceh, Indonesia
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The paper examines engagements between the Japan Self-Defense Forces (JSDF) and civilian entities during the 2004/2005 tsunami relief operations in Aceh, Indonesia. Japan’s framework for providing international emergency assistance allows for JSDF dispatch as augmentation forces to the civilian Japan Disaster Relief (JDR) teams. This deployment is deemed compatible with Article 9 and is governed by a separate law from those regulating peacekeeping and anti-terrorism. Asymmetrical field experiences, differential operational structures and procedures, and contrasting timetables of disaster response created tension between JDR and JSDF. As the largest post-World War II overseas deployment, the mission highlighted the forces’ inherent mobilization challenges and relative inexperience working alongside civilian humanitarian organizations. The tsunami response offered a snapshot of the interface between local hosts and foreign assistance providers. As host country, Indonesia had no legal basis nor established procedures for receiving international relief aid, including foreign military assets. The Indonesian military controlled relief distribution and strictly monitored both the foreign military and civilian presence, but was eclipsed by the superior capacity of First World armed forces for heavy logistics. Exceptional circumstances of linkages between international humanitarian organizations and the military in relief provision were evident, but functioned mostly as separate streams and networks on the ground, with little crossover in logistics.
Abstract
The paper examines engagements between the Japan Self-Defense Forces (JSDF) and civilian entities during the 2004/2005 tsunami relief operations in Aceh, Indonesia. Japan’s framework for providing international emergency assistance allows for JSDF dispatch as augmentation forces to the civilian Japan Disaster Relief (JDR) teams. This deployment is deemed compatible with Article 9 and is governed by a separate law from those regulating peacekeeping and anti-terrorism. Asymmetrical field experiences, differential operational structures and procedures, and contrasting timetables of disaster response created tension between JDR and JSDF. As the largest post-World War II overseas deployment, the mission highlighted the forces’ inherent mobilization challenges and relative inexperience working alongside civilian humanitarian organizations. The tsunami response offered a snapshot of the interface between local hosts and foreign assistance providers. As host country, Indonesia had no legal basis nor established procedures for receiving international relief aid, including foreign military assets. The Indonesian military controlled relief distribution and strictly monitored both the foreign military and civilian presence, but was eclipsed by the superior capacity of First World armed forces for heavy logistics. Exceptional circumstances of linkages between international humanitarian organizations and the military in relief provision were evident, but functioned mostly as separate streams and networks on the ground, with little crossover in logistics.
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