Complex Challenges of Space Cybersecurity and Their Implications for the ROK
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Space activities are rapidly developing around the world, and the Republic of Korea (ROK) is no exception. At the same time, the high dependence on space systems is becoming a vulnerability for national security. While some of these vulnerabilities come from physical attacks or threats, cheaper and easier attacks or threats come from cyber threats. Previous studies have focused on physical threats to space systems, such as China’s ASAT (anti-satellite) tests. Against this backdrop, this article focuses on cyber vulnerabilities to space systems from a national security perspective and proposes a way forward to address complex space cyber challenges through a “national innovation system” approach. These vulnerabilities include the multidimensional linkages within the cyber in space domain, the security dilemmas posed by cyber threats in space with unclear intentions, the lack of systematic integration between cyber strategies in space and national security strategies, and the difficulty of building effective government–civil–military partnerships due to the increasing involvement of civil actors. To address these challenges, we analyze the most advanced U.S. cybersecurity in space guidance and efforts in this area highlight the need for a National Space Security Strategy, which ROK does not yet have, and suggest elements that should be included. In conclusion, this study argues that four elements are necessary as countermeasures. First, a holistic response to the space targeting system for cyber threats is required, encompassing the ground, link, and space sectors. Second, we must prepare for the asymmetries and diverse actors that create security dilemmas in the space cyber domain. Third, a national space security strategy should be developed to systematically integrate space security with national security and cybersecurity. Fourth, the governance of government– civil–military cooperation must be redefined to address the demands of the space cybersecurity era.
Abstract
Space activities are rapidly developing around the world, and the Republic of Korea (ROK) is no exception. At the same time, the high dependence on space systems is becoming a vulnerability for national security. While some of these vulnerabilities come from physical attacks or threats, cheaper and easier attacks or threats come from cyber threats. Previous studies have focused on physical threats to space systems, such as China’s ASAT (anti-satellite) tests. Against this backdrop, this article focuses on cyber vulnerabilities to space systems from a national security perspective and proposes a way forward to address complex space cyber challenges through a “national innovation system” approach. These vulnerabilities include the multidimensional linkages within the cyber in space domain, the security dilemmas posed by cyber threats in space with unclear intentions, the lack of systematic integration between cyber strategies in space and national security strategies, and the difficulty of building effective government–civil–military partnerships due to the increasing involvement of civil actors. To address these challenges, we analyze the most advanced U.S. cybersecurity in space guidance and efforts in this area highlight the need for a National Space Security Strategy, which ROK does not yet have, and suggest elements that should be included. In conclusion, this study argues that four elements are necessary as countermeasures. First, a holistic response to the space targeting system for cyber threats is required, encompassing the ground, link, and space sectors. Second, we must prepare for the asymmetries and diverse actors that create security dilemmas in the space cyber domain. Third, a national space security strategy should be developed to systematically integrate space security with national security and cybersecurity. Fourth, the governance of government– civil–military cooperation must be redefined to address the demands of the space cybersecurity era.
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