The Spatial Diffusion of Suicide Attacks
1
조회
0
다운로드
0
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
This paper studies the diffusion of suicide bombings as a tactic employed by terrorist groups from 1981 to 2008. The empirical strategy is motivated by the literature on the diffusion of innovation. Specifically, this paper builds on the literature on the diffusion of policies across states to develop hypotheses about the spread of suicide attacks across space and over time. We use data from the National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism (START) to evaluate hypotheses about the diffusion of suicide bombings. The results suggest a consistent and robust relationship between geography and the diffusion of suicide bombings. Successful suicide attacks appear to diffuse across borders and to increase over time.
Abstract
This paper studies the diffusion of suicide bombings as a tactic employed by terrorist groups from 1981 to 2008. The empirical strategy is motivated by the literature on the diffusion of innovation. Specifically, this paper builds on the literature on the diffusion of policies across states to develop hypotheses about the spread of suicide attacks across space and over time. We use data from the National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism (START) to evaluate hypotheses about the diffusion of suicide bombings. The results suggest a consistent and robust relationship between geography and the diffusion of suicide bombings. Successful suicide attacks appear to diffuse across borders and to increase over time.
참고문헌 (54)
- James A. Piazza, "A Supply–Side View of Suicide Terrorism : A Cross–National Study", Journal of Politics, 70(1), pp.29~ (2008)
- "The GTD"[URL]
- Mia Bloom, "Dying to Kill" (2005), Columbia University Press
- Everett M. Rogers, "Diffusion of Innovations" (1983), Free Press
- Frances S. Berry, "State Lottery Adoptions as Policy Innovations : An Event History Analysis", American Political Science Review, 84, pp.395~415 (1990)
- Michael C. Horowitz, "Nonstate Actors and the Diffusion of Innovations : The Case of Suicide Terrorism", International Organization, 64(1), pp.33~64 (2010)
- Todd Makse, "The Role of Policy Attributes in the Diffusion of Innovations", Journal of Politics, 73(1), pp.108~124 (2011)
- Jeffrey W. Lewis, "The Business of Martyrdom : A History of Suicide Bombing" (2012), Naval Institute Press
- Craig Volden, "States as Policy Laboratories : Emulating Success in the Children’s Health Insurance Program", American Journal of Political Science, 50(2), pp.294~312 (2006)
- Kritian S. Gleditsch, "The Global Diffusion of Markets and Democracy", pp.261~301 (2008), Cambridge University Press
- Charles R. Shipan, "The Mechanisms of Policy Diffusion", American Journal of Political Science, 52(4), pp.840~857 (2008)
- Craig Volden, "A Formal Model of Learning and Policy Diffusion", American Political Science Review, 102(3), pp.319~332 (2008)
- Robert A. Pape, "The Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism", American Political Science Review, 97(3), pp.343~361 (2003)
- Horowitz, "Nonstate Actors and the Diffusion of Innovations: The Case of Suicide Terrorism"
- Jacob N. Shapiro, "Underfunding in Terrorist Organizations", International Studies Quarterly, 51(2), pp.405~429 (2007)
- Horowitz, "Nonstate Actors and the Diffusion of Innovations: The Case of Suicide Terrorism", 50~
- Manus I. Midlarsky, "Why Violence Spreads : The Contagion of International Terrorism", International Studies Quarterly, 24(2), pp.262~298 (1980)
- Alex Braithwaite, "Transnational Terrorism Hot Spots : Identification and Impact Evolution", Conflict Management and Peace Science, 24(4), pp.1~30 (2007)
- Joseph K. Young, "Promise and Pitfalls of Terrorism Research", International Studies Review, 13, pp.411~431 (2011)
- Randolph M. Siverson, "Opportunity, Willingness, and the Diffusion of War", American Political Science Review, 84(1), pp.47~67 (1990)
- David A. Lake, "The International Spread of Ethnic Conflict" (1998), Princeton University Press
- Halvard Buhaug, "Contagion or Confusion? Why Conflicts in Cluster in Space", International Studies Quarterly, 52(2), pp.215~233 (2008)
- Eva Forsberg, "Neighbors at Risk: A Quantitative Study of Civil War Contagion", PhD, pp.2009
- Christopher Z. Mooney, "Legislative Morality in the American States : The Case of Pre-Roe Abortion Regulation Reform", American Journal of Political Science, 39(3), pp.599~627 (1995)
- Christopher Z. Mooney, "Modeling Regional Effects on State Policy Diffusion", Political Research Quarterly, 54, pp.103~124 (2001)
- Horowitz, "Nonstate Actors and the Diffusion of Innovations: The Case of Suicide Terrorism", 37~
- Horowitz, "Nonstate Actors and the Diffusion of Innovations: The Case of Suicide Terrorism", 37~
- Stathis Kalyvas, "Making Sense of Suicide Missions", pp.211~ (2005), Oxford University Press
- Braithwaite, "Transnational Terrorism Hot Spots: Identification and Impact Evolution", ~
- Assaf Moghadam, "The Globalization of Martyrdom—Al Qaeda, Salafi Jihad, and the Diffusion of Suicide Attacks" (2008), Johns Hopkins University Press
- Michael C. Horowitz, "The Rise and Spread of Suicide Bombing", Annual Review of Political Science, 18, pp.72~ (2015)
- Volden, "States as Policy Laboratories: Emulating Success in the Children’s Health Insurance Program", ~
- Fabrizio Gilardi, "Who Learns from What in Policy Diffusion Processes?", American Journal of Political Science, 54(3), pp.650~666 (2010)
- Michael G. Findley, "Games Rivals Play : Terrorism in International Rivalries", Journal of Politics, 74(1), pp.235~248 (2012)
- Robert A. Pape, "Dying to Win: The Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism" (2005), Random House
- Assaf Mogahdam, "Suicide Terrorism, Occupation, and the Globalization of Martyrdom: A Critique of ‘Dying to Win,’", Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 29(8), pp.707~729 (2006)
- Boris Shor, "A Bayesian Multilevel Modeling Approach to Time Series Cross–Sectional Data", Political Analysis, 15(2), pp.165~181 (2007)
- Gilardi, "Who Learns from What in Policy Diffusion Processes?", ~
- Boris Shor, "A Bayesian Multilevel Modeling Approach to Time Series Cross–Sectional Data", 168~
- Harvey W. Kushner, "Suicide Bombers : Business as Usual", Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 19(4), pp.329~337 (1996)
- Raphael Israeli, "A Manual of Islamic Fundamentalist Terrorism", Terrorism and Political Violence, 14(4), pp.23~40 (2002)
- Sara J. Wade, "Does Democracy Matter? Regime Type and Suicide Terrorism", Journal of Conflict Resolution, 51(2), pp.329~348 (2007)
- Eric Neumayer, "International Terrorism and the Clash of Civilizations", British Journal of Political Science, 39, pp.711~734 (2009)
- Ignacio Sanchez-Cuenca, "Domestic Terrorism : The Hidden Side of Political Violence", Annual Review of Political Science, 12, pp.31~49 (2009)
- Matthew C. Wilson, "Autocracies and Terrorism : Conditioning Effects of Authoritarian Regime Type on Terrorist Attacks", American Journal of Political Science, 57(4), pp.941~955 (2013)
- Claude Berrebi, "How Does Terrorism Risk Vary across Space and Time? An Analysis Based on the Israeli Experience", Defense and Peace Economics, 18(2), pp.113~131 (2007)
- Donald Horowitz, "Ethnic Groups in Conflict" (1985), University of California Press
- Michael J. Boyle, "Bargaining, Fear, and Denial: Explaining Violence against Civilians in Iraq 2004–2007", Terrorism and Political Violence, 21(2), pp.261~287 (2009)
- Michael G. Findley, "More Combatants, More Terror? An Empirical Test of the Outbidding Thesis", Terrorism and Political Violence, 24(5), pp.706~721 (2012)
- Walter Enders, "The Political Economy of Terrorism" (2012), Cambridge University Press
- James D. Fearon, "Ethnicity, Insurgency, and Civil War", American Political Science Review, 97(1), pp.75~90 (2003)
- Brian Lai, "Draining the Swamp : An Empirical Examination of the Production of International Terrorism, 1968–1998", Conflict Management and Peace Science, 24(4), pp.297~310 (2007)
- Wade, "Does Democracy Matter? Regime Type and Suicide Terrorism", 339~
- "Gleditsch’s data"[URL]
