국제투자중재에서의 자연인 투자자 관련 인적 관할 - 국적 판단 및 다중국적 관련 주요 판정례의 법리 분석
Jurisdiction Ratione Personae With Respect To Natural Persons In International Investment Arbitration - Analysis Of Major Arbitral Awards Surrounding Determination Of Nationality And Multiple Nationalities Of Natural Persons
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투자협정에서 부여하는 보호와 혜택을 받기 위해서는 투자자에 해당하여야 한다. 국제투자중재의 신청인이 되기 위해서도 투자협정과 ICSID 협약 등이 정하는 투자자로서의요건을 갖추어야 한다. 즉, 투자자 요건은 실체적으로 투자협정이 적용되기 위한 요건임과동시에 절차적으로 국제투자중재를 신청하기 위한 요건이기도 하다. 그런데 실무상으로는이를 중재에서의 소송요건에 해당하는 중재판정부의 인적 관할로 다루고 있다. 투자자 개념의 근거 규범으로는 각 투자협정 외에도 ICSID 협약 제25조 제2항을 들 수있다. 투자자의 정의가 투자협정에 따라 다르고 국제투자중재의 절차에 적용될 규범도ICSID 협약 뿐 아니라 UNCITRAL 중재규칙 등으로 다양하므로 투자자 요건에 관하여 일반적으로 통용되는 법리를 찾기는 쉽지 않다. 따라서 국제중재판정례나 외교적 보호권과관련된 법리를 종합적으로 검토할 필요가 있다. 외교적 보호권 행사 요건으로서의 국적 관련 법리는 연혁적인 측면에서 뿐만 아니라ICSID 중재가 아닌 국제투자중재에서 투자협약의 문언에 따라서는 직접 적용될 여지가있다는 점에서도 여전히 의미를 갖는다. 특히 각국이 국적 관련 규범의 창설 권한을 가지면서도, 국제 분쟁에서 국적 판단이 문제되었을 경우 그 최종적인 판단 권한은 국제재판부 내지 중재판정부에 귀속된다는 법리는 국제투자중재에서도 그대로 받아들여지고 있다. 진정한 관련성 또는 주되고 실효적인 국적 관련 법리와 국적계속의 원칙은 국제투자중재에서 적용될 여지가 상대적으로 크지 않다. 자연인인 투자자가 갖추어야 할 요건인 국적과 관련한 다양한 쟁점들은 Soufraki v. UAE 사건, Siag v. Egypt, Al Tamimi v. Oman, Seo v. Korea 사건에서 다루어진 바 있다. 이들은 비슷한 쟁점이 문제된 후속 사건에서 선례로 인정받아 왔거나 또는 선례적인 의미를가질 것으로 생각되는 사건들이다. 다만, 이들 사건의 법리를 검토하고 다른 사건에 적용 할 때에는 각 사건의 구체적인 사실관계 뿐 아니라 투자협정 및 ICSID 협약 등 중재절차에 적용될 규범의 구체적인 문언에 따라서도 결론이 달라질 수 있다는 점을 유의하여야한다. 사안에 따라서는 중재에 적용될 절차 규범을 선택할 때 전략적인 차원에서 그러한차이를 고려할 필요도 있을 것이다
Abstract
Protections and privileges under an investment treaty extend only to those who are qualifying investors. In order to bring an international investment claim, purported claimants must satisfy the requirements under the relevant investment treaty and the ICSID Convention, as the case may be. In other words, one needs to be an investor not only for the purposes of invoking substantive protections of the relevant investment treaty, but also for the purposes of commencing an investment arbitration as a procedural matter. In practice, the question of whether these requirements are satisfied is categorized as one of jurisdiction ratione personae, in the absence of which the tribunal must dismiss the claim. The sources governing the definition of an investor include the relevant investment treaties as well as Article 25(2) of the ICSID Convention. The definition of an investor varies from treaty to treaty, and the applicable procedural framework for an international investment arbitration ranges from the ICSID Convention to UNCITRAL arbitration rules, which makes it difficult to identify generally accepted principles. Therefore, it is necessary to comprehensively review the relevant investment arbitration awards and, in addition, jurisprudence on diplomatic protection. Jurisprudence on the nationality requirement as a prerequisite for diplomatic protection still matters in the field of international investment arbitration not only because it provides historical and theoretical background but also because it may be applicable in non-ICSID arbitrations, subject to specific provisions of the relevant investment treaty. In particular, the principle that each State settles, by its own legislation, the rules relating to its nationality, but when the nationality of a person is challenged in international arbitral or judicial proceedings, the international tribu nal is competent to pass upon that challenge is just as applicable in the context of international investment arbitrations as it is in the context of diplomatic protection. On the other hand, the requirement of genuine connection or jurisprudence on dominant and effective nationality are less likely to be applicable in international investment arbitrations. Various issues surrounding nationality as a requirement for a natural person who seeks to qualify as an investor have been dealt with in Soufraki v. UAE, Siag v. Egypt, Al Tamimi v. Oman, and Seo v. Korea. These awards have provided or are expected to provide guidance in subsequent cases involving the same or similar issues. That said, it is important to note that, when reviewing the reasoning and findings of the above arbitral awards, the outcome of each case would ultimately depend on the facts of the matter at hand as well as specific provisions of the relevant investment treaties and the applicable procedural framework, such as the ICSID Convention. Further, it would be prudent for purported claimants to take those differences into account in choosing the applicable procedural framework for their arbitration.
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