금산분리 법제의 역사적 및 철학적 기초에 대한 검토
Separation of Banking and Commerce: its History and Philosophy
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이글의 목적은 금산분리 법제의 역사적 및 철학적 기초에 대하여 살펴보고 그 정책적 함의를 논의하는 것이다. 이를 위해 해외와 국내에서의 금산분리 등장의 역사, 금산분리의 법제적 특성 등과 관련한 기본적인 사항을 검토한다. 금산분리는 중세기 베니스에서 은행의 탄생과 함께 시작하였다. 금산분리는 소유와 지배를 매개로 산업에 의한 금융지배를 억제하는 것이며, 그 정책목적은 역사적으로 볼 때 은행의 건전성, 금융자원의 공정한 배분에서 시작되었다. 이후 금융위기를 거치면서 정책목적은 금융시스템의 안정성, 금융소비자보호 등으로 확대되기에 이르렀다. 금산분리의 적용범위는 은행 뿐 아니라 전 금융부문을 대상으로 하며 이는 금융겸업 및 겸영의 확대, 금융의 공적 안정망 확대 등에 따른 필연적 귀결이다. 금산분리의 역사적 기초는 중세기 베니스와 영란은행의 경험을 거치면서 확립되었으며, 그 합리성의 기초는 희소한 금융자원의 공정하고 효율적인 배분에 의한 기업 경쟁력 제고와 금융소비자에 대한 신인의무로부터 찾을 수 있다.
Abstract
This paper inquires into the historical and Philosophical Underpinnings of the separation of banking and commerce, and discusses the meaning and scope of the separation. The separation principle began in Venice where bank was born, which means that the separation principle is one of the oldest principles that has lasted the most in banking regulation. In the early history of banks in the U.K. and U.S., the separation was adopted as a foundational principle. In Korea also, the separation has stood long since it was adopted in the Interim Measure Act for Financial Institutions of 1961 and Banking Act of 1982. Why the separation of banking and commerce? First, it concerns the bank soundness, systemic safety and depositor protection. Second, the regulatory scope in which the separation rule applies has been expanded from ‘banking in nature’ to ‘financial in nature’under the GLB Act in the U.S. Fourth, financial safety net such as deposit insurance includes securities firms, insurance, saving institution as well as banks. According to Mark Roe(1994), the separation principle has contributed to the competitiveness of firms and development of nation economy.
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