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전환기의 자연문학과 유동성의 생태학: 바트람의 『여행기』에 재현된 미국의 남동부 자연

Nature Writing during Multiple Transitions: The Fluid Ecology of the American Southeast in William Bartram’s _Travels_

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문학과환경학회 (ASLE-KOREA)|2023.09|문학과환경 (Literature and Environment)|제22권 제3호|pp. 89-130|DOI 10.36063/asle.2023.22.3.004

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여행기EcocriticismNature WritingTravels신플라톤주의Neoplatonism생태비평자연기미국적 자연바트람미국 남동부William BartramAmerican NatureAmerican Southeast
주제분류문학

초록

본 연구에서는 윌리엄 바트람의 _여행기_에 재현된 미국 남동부 자연을 통해 18~19세기의 사상, 정서, 사회, 그리고 생태환경 변화라는 전환기적 특징을 살펴보고자 한다. _여행기_는 공포를 불러일으키는 위압적 자연과 쾌감을 주는 목가적 자연, 야생자연과 변경 개척지, 그리고 식민지와 신생국이라는 사회적 배경처럼 다양한 층위에서 상충하는 가치들을 하나로 통합하지 않고 교차하여 제시한다. 이 과정에서 비인간 존재들이 인간보다 지적으로 열등하여 하층에 자리한다는 인간중심주의와 모든 존재들에게 각자만의 신성함이 체현된다는 생태평등사상이 혼재된 상태로 재현된다. 이런 _여행기_의 혼종성은 자연만물의 사실적 정보의 분류에 집중하는 18세기 박물학이 19세기로 넘어가면서 생물학, 인류학, 지리학 등으로 갈라지는 사상적 변화와 더불어 무성하지만 다듬어지지 않아 지리적 정체성이 고정되지 않은 남동부 자연의 유동성을 체현한다. 독립된 주제가 병립하는 _여행기_의 다층성은 바트람이 남동부 자연 탐사를 기회로 삼아 그간의 실패와 좌절을 딛고 생태사상가로 재탄생하는 구도 속에 포섭된다. 이런 사실은 복수의 선율이 독자적 논리를 유지하면서도 서로 조화를 이루는 대위법으로 _여행기_의 서사 구조를 총체적으로 파악할 수 있음을 시사한다. _여행기_의 대위법적 서사는 하나로 고정되지 않는 남동부 자연과 다양한 인식과 감성이 맞부딪치는 18~19세기 전환기적 속성을 오롯이 포착하되 특정한 입장을 편들지 않는 한편, 생태적 자아로 재탄생하는 과정을 큰 틀로 삼아 최소한의 주제적 통일성을 유지함으로써 완성된다.

Abstract

This study examines how William Bartram’s _Travels_ portrays the American Southeast during a period of multiple transitions from the late eighteenth to the early nineteenth century. Bartram explores two contrasting aspects of neoplatonism─anthropocentricism and biocentricism─by gathering physical evidence that showcases the divine plan, which assigns distinct hierarchical positions to each natural entity. This epistemological complexity aligns with the diverse and conflicting ideas present in the text: the overwhelming untamed wilderness versus the idyllic pastoral landscapes, the untouched natural environment versus the newly cultivated territories, and the colonial America versus the emerging nation. These various narrative layers are manifested in Bartram's deep appreciation of the American Southeast; its vibrant yet untamed nature and ever-changing topography symbolize the upheaval of the transitional era. The intricate nature of this transition is further explored through Bartram's personal journey towards ecological self-discovery, which contributes to maintaining thematic coherence throughout the text.

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