보건분야 우선순위 설정에 대한 외국 사례 비교 및 정책적 시사점
Comparative study on priority setting in healthcare of developed countries and implications
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보건의료에 대한 수요 및 요구는 가용한 자원의 용량을 초과하기 때문에 이를 효율적으로 할당하여 사용하는 것은 전세계 모든 국가의 과제라고 할 수 있다. 따라서 우선순위를 설정하여 자원을 배분하여야 하는 선택이 필요하다. 1980년대 후반부터 유럽국가를 중심으로 보건의료 분야에서 우선순위 설정에 대한 논의가 시작되었으나 우리나라의 경우 이에 대한 연구 및 문제제기가 부족하였던 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 외국의 보건분야 우선순위 설정 사례를 분석하고 우리나라에 주는 시사점을 도출하였다. 본 연구의 분석 대상 국가에서는 증가하는 보건의료비가 국가 전체 재정에 영향을 주거나 의료보장 서비스의 제한에 대한 요구가 표출되어 우선순위에 대한 논의를 시작하였다. 이러한 우선순위는 임상적 기준과 사회적 기준을 동시에 고려하여 결정되는데 질병의 위중도, 비용-효과성, 개인의 책임 등이 기준으로 사용되었다. 또한 중앙정부 및 지방정부 차원에서 설정되었고 개별 병원과 같은 특정기관에서 우선순위를 설정하기도 하였다. 많은 국가에서 역학 및 경제학적 접근방법을 명시적 우선순위 설정방법으로 사용하고 있으며 최근 들어 의료기술평가가 활용되고 있다. 아울러 대중의 참여가 매우 중요하게 논의되었다. 우리나라에서 우선순위를 설정할 때, 명확하고 합의할 수 있는 원칙과 가치를 만드는 것이 매우 중요한데 이를 위해서 각계의 의견 수렴 과정을 포함하여야 한다.
Abstract
Efficient resource allocation is one of major challenge among the all nations because health care demand usually exceeds the available resources. Therefore, rationing and priority setting are necessary to allocate scarce resources effectively. However, discussions and studies about priority setting regarding health care are insufficient in Korea while rationing and priority setting in health care has been discussed among the European countries since the late 1980's. This paper offers the comprehensive analysis of rationing and priority setting in major foreign countries and ultimately drives suggestions for Korea. The health care cost containment and the limitation on health care coverage are major motivation to start discussions about prioritization among the foreign countries. Those prioritizations are based on both clinical standards and social standards including disease severity, cost effectiveness, individual responsibility, etc. The levels of prioritization are federal governments, local governments, and individual organizations such as hospitals. Epidemiological and economical approaches are used as prioritization methods and recently medical technology evaluation is used for the prioritization in many countries. The participation of the general public is getting important in the priority setting at the same time. In conclusion, various stake holders and interest groups should be included for the priority setting in Korea to develop clear standards by common consent.
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