한반도 중동부지역 신석기시대 생계유형의 검토 - 석기 분석을 중심으로 -

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the types of livelihood in the middle eastern region and changes to them by reviewing stoneware excavated in the region. For that purpose, the investigator first categorized the relics by time and space and examined the amounts of stoneware. After categorizing the stoneware by type, it was analyzed by use to figure out its changes. The results indicate that the types of livelihood underwent three stages of patterns and changes in the middle eastern region. Stage 1 (the early and former period) had hunting and fishing at the center. The early relics were confirmed in the East Coastal areas, but there were changes to the geography and environment with the rising sea level. The relics were dominated by fishing tools including fishing gear. Relics scattered around the caves in the central inland areas during the former period. The stoneware composition was characterized by a high percentage of hunting tools. There were combination-type fishing hooks and shells excavated in the cave relics, which leads to an estimation that the central inland areas formed a network with the East Coastal areas. Stage 2 (the middle period) witnessed the introduction of mixed grain farming. In the central inland areas, the relics were scattered around the riverside alluvial sites with the increase of gathering and farming tools and food processing tools. There was an inflow of Chimseonmungye pottery and new stoneware into the East Coastal areas, but the rising number of fishing net weights was clearer than that of gathering and farming tools. It is, of course, evident that they started to grow mixed grains according to their short-term adjustment strategy since there were farming artifacts excavated in the Munam-ri relic with increasing plant remains including millet and panicum in the pottery impressions. The changes to the stoneware composition including a rising percentage of fishing net weights, however, indicates that mixed grain farming did not hold a large portion in their livelihood. That is, they made an attempt at diversifying their modes of livelihood including mixed grain farming in addition to fishing and hunting at the stage. Stage 3 (the latter period) saw different changes to the types of livelihood according to the areas. The distribution of relics broadened in the central inland areas. The gathering and farming tools increased in frequency even though the stoneware composition went through no changes from the previous stage, which suggests that the percentage of mixed grain farming was kept at a certain level. In the East Coastal areas, the distribution and number of relics made a dramatic decrease with fishing net weights and processing tools taking the central position in stoneware composition. It is estimated that they must have taken a wrong adjustment strategy to mixed grain farming due to certain reasons (colder climate) and thus maintained their hunting and gathering economy based on fishing. In short, the types of livelihood changed in three chronological stages in the middle eastern region during the Neolithic Age, and they were the product of Neolithic people selectively accepting and adjusting themselves to the types of livelihood according to the regional environments.