에드워드 시대 사무직 계층과 문화적 구별짓기: 포스터의 『하워즈 엔드』
The Edwardian Office Clerk and Cultural Distinction in Forster's Howards End
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This essay reads E.M. Forster's Howards End (1910) as a response to the emergence of the office clerk in Edwardian England, focusing on cultural distinction between intellectuals and the lower middle class. Most studies of Howards End have left Forster's wretched office clerk Leonard Bast backstage, frequently mentioning him as an unconvincing character but not fully discussing his significance. This essay examines the implication of Leonard's defeat in the middle-class culture war by building upon recent studies of the Edwardian office clerk as well as Pierre Bourdieu's cultural theory. The office clerk in Edwardian England was a living embodiment of modern estrangement from nature and from the pastoral past because of the kinds of work clerks did (which were seen as mechanical and unhealthy) and their suburban residence (which was fast encroaching on the countryside). Howards End privileges naturalness as a key element of 'authentic' culture and presents it as a distinctive marker of intellectuals like the Schlegel sisters. At the same time, the novel underlines Leonard's inability to naturalize culture as a corollary of the clerk's alienation from nature. Not only did Forster see the clerk as an unnatural existence but he was pessimistic about the cultural potential of the emerging class. Denied entry into Howards End, Leonard radically disrupts Forster's project of "only connect[ing]" the middle classes.
Abstract
This essay reads E.M. Forster's Howards End (1910) as a response to the emergence of the office clerk in Edwardian England, focusing on cultural distinction between intellectuals and the lower middle class. Most studies of Howards End have left Forster's wretched office clerk Leonard Bast backstage, frequently mentioning him as an unconvincing character but not fully discussing his significance. This essay examines the implication of Leonard's defeat in the middle-class culture war by building upon recent studies of the Edwardian office clerk as well as Pierre Bourdieu's cultural theory. The office clerk in Edwardian England was a living embodiment of modern estrangement from nature and from the pastoral past because of the kinds of work clerks did (which were seen as mechanical and unhealthy) and their suburban residence (which was fast encroaching on the countryside). Howards End privileges naturalness as a key element of 'authentic' culture and presents it as a distinctive marker of intellectuals like the Schlegel sisters. At the same time, the novel underlines Leonard's inability to naturalize culture as a corollary of the clerk's alienation from nature. Not only did Forster see the clerk as an unnatural existence but he was pessimistic about the cultural potential of the emerging class. Denied entry into Howards End, Leonard radically disrupts Forster's project of "only connect[ing]" the middle classes.
참고문헌 (22)
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