Carbohydrate Metabolism in Preimplantation Stage Embryos and the Role of Metabolites
2
조회
0
다운로드
2
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
Proper development of fertilized oocyte to blastocyst is a key step in mammalian development to implantation. During development of preimplantation embryos, the mammalian embryo needs supply the energy substrate for keep viability. Usually mammalian oocyte get substrate especially energy substrate from oviduct and uterus, because it does not store much substrate in cytoplasm during oogenesis. Carbohydrates are known as a main energy substrate for preimplantation stage embryos. Glucose, lactate and pyruvate are essential component in preimplantation embryo culture media and there are stage specific preferences to them. Glucose transporter and H+-monocarboxylate cotransporter are a main mediator for carbohydrate transport and those expression levels are primarily under the control of intrinsic or extrinsic factors like insulin and glucose. Other organic substances, amino acids, lipids and nucleotides are used as energy substance and cellular regulation factor. Though since 1960s, successful development of fertilized embryo to blastocyst has been accomplished with chemically defined medium for example BWW and give rise to normal offspring in mammals, the role of metabolites and the regulation of intermediary metabolism are still poorly understood. Glucose may permit expression of metabolic enzymes and transporters in compacting morula, capable of generating the energy required for blastocyst formation. In addition, it has been suggested that the cytokines can modulate the metabolic rate of carbohydrate in embryos and regulate the preimplantation embryonic development through control the metabolic rate. Recently we showed that lactate can be used as a mediator for preimplantation embryonic development. Those observations indicate that metabolites of carbohydrate are required by the early embryo, not only as an energy source, but also as a key substrate for other regulatory and biosynthetic pathways. In addition metabolites of carbohydrate may involve in cellular activity during development of preimplantation embryos. It is suggested that through these regulation and with other regulation mechanisms, embryo and uterus can prepare the embryo implantation and further development, properly.
Abstract
Proper development of fertilized oocyte to blastocyst is a key step in mammalian development to implantation. During development of preimplantation embryos, the mammalian embryo needs supply the energy substrate for keep viability. Usually mammalian oocyte get substrate especially energy substrate from oviduct and uterus, because it does not store much substrate in cytoplasm during oogenesis. Carbohydrates are known as a main energy substrate for preimplantation stage embryos. Glucose, lactate and pyruvate are essential component in preimplantation embryo culture media and there are stage specific preferences to them. Glucose transporter and H+-monocarboxylate cotransporter are a main mediator for carbohydrate transport and those expression levels are primarily under the control of intrinsic or extrinsic factors like insulin and glucose. Other organic substances, amino acids, lipids and nucleotides are used as energy substance and cellular regulation factor. Though since 1960s, successful development of fertilized embryo to blastocyst has been accomplished with chemically defined medium for example BWW and give rise to normal offspring in mammals, the role of metabolites and the regulation of intermediary metabolism are still poorly understood. Glucose may permit expression of metabolic enzymes and transporters in compacting morula, capable of generating the energy required for blastocyst formation. In addition, it has been suggested that the cytokines can modulate the metabolic rate of carbohydrate in embryos and regulate the preimplantation embryonic development through control the metabolic rate. Recently we showed that lactate can be used as a mediator for preimplantation embryonic development. Those observations indicate that metabolites of carbohydrate are required by the early embryo, not only as an energy source, but also as a key substrate for other regulatory and biosynthetic pathways. In addition metabolites of carbohydrate may involve in cellular activity during development of preimplantation embryos. It is suggested that through these regulation and with other regulation mechanisms, embryo and uterus can prepare the embryo implantation and further development, properly.
참고문헌 (83)
- Augustin R, "Glucose transporter expression is developmentally regulated in in vitro derived bovine preimplantation embryos", Mol Reprod Dev, 60, pp.370~376 (2001)
- Benomar Y, "Insulin and leptin induce Glut4 plasma membrane translocation and glucose uptake in a human neuronal cell line by a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-dependent mechanism", Endocrinology, 147, pp.2550~2556 (2006)
- Biggers JD, "Pioneering mammalian embryo culture. The Mammalian Preimplantation Embryo: Regulation of Growth and Differentiation In Vitro", pp.1~22 (1987), Plenum Press
- Biggers JD, "Ions and preimplantation development. Animal Applications of Research in Mammalian Development", pp.121~146 (1991), Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press
- Biggers JD, "The mammalian blastocyst: transport functions in a developing epithelium", Am J Physiol, 255, pp.419~432 (1988)
- Brison DR, "Glucose, pyruvate, and lactate concentrations in the blastocoel cavity of rat and mouse embryos", Mol Reprod Dev, 35, pp.227~232 (1993)
- Cheon YP, "A genomic approach to identify novel progesterone receptor regulated pathways in the uterus during implantation", Mol Endocrinol, 16, pp.2853~2871 (2002)
- Chi MM, "Decreased glucose transporter expression triggers BAX-dependent apoptosis in the murine blastocyst", J Biol Chem, 275, pp.40252~40257 (2001)
- Chi MM, "High insulin-like growth factor 1(IGF-1) and insulin concentrations trigger apoptosis in the mouse blastocyst via down-regulation of the IGF-1 receptor", Endocrinology, 141, pp.4784~4792 (2003)
- Comizzoli P, "Up-regulation of glucose metabolism during male pronucleus formation determines the early onset of the s phase in bovine zygotes", Biol Reprod, 68, pp.1934~1940 (2003)
- Denton RM, "Regulation of pyruvate metabolism in mammalian tissues", Essays Biochem, 15, pp.37~47 (1979)
- Dumollard R, "Regulation of redox metabolism in the mouse oocyte and embryo", Development, 134, pp.455~465 (2007)
- Epstein CJ, "Gene expression and macromolecular synthesis during preimplantation embryonic development", Biol Reprod, 12, pp.82~105 (1975)
- Fischbarg J, "Glucose transporters serve as water channels", Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 87, pp.3244~3247 (1990)
- Fladeby C, "Distinct regulation of glucose transport and GLUT1", GLUT3 transporters by glucose deprivation and IGF-I in chromaffin cells, 2003, pp.1593, 201~208
- Gandhi AP, "Substrate utilization in porcine embryos cultured in NCSU23 and G1.2", G2.2 sequential culture media, 2001, pp.58, 269~275
- Gardner DK, "Environment of the preimplantation human embryo in vivo: metabolite analysis of oviduct and uterine fluids and metabolism of cumulus cells", Fertil Steril, 65, pp.349~353 (1996)
- Gardner DK, "Mouse embryo cleavage, metabolism and viability: role of medium composition", Hum Reprod, 8, pp.288~295 (1993)
- Gardner DK, "Non-invasive measurement of nutrient uptake by single cultured preimplantation mouse embryos", Hum Reprod, 1, pp.25~27 (1986)
- Gardner DK, "Concentrations of nutrients in mouse oviduct fluid and their effects on embryo development and metabolism in utero", J Reprod Fertil, 88, pp.361~368 (1990)
- Gatenby RA, "Acid-mediated tumor invasion: a multidisciplinary study", Cancer Res, 66, pp.5216~5223 (2006)
- Gopichandran N, "Metabolic characterization of the bovine blastocyst, inner cell mass, trophectoderm and blastocoel fluid", Reproduction, 126, pp.299~308 (2003)
- Gray CA, "Discovery and characterization of an epithelial-specific galectin in the endometrium that forms crystals in the trophectoderm", Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 101, pp.7982~7987 (2004)
- Halestrap AP, "The proton-linked monocarboxylate transporter (MCT) family: structure, function and regulation", Biochem J, 343, pp.281~299 (1999)
- Harris SE, "Nutrient concentrations in murine follicular fluid and the female reproductive tract", Theriogenology, 64, pp.992~1006 (2005)
- Harvey AJ, "Oxygen-regulated gene expression in bovine blastocysts", Biol Reprod, 71, pp.1108~1119 (2004)
- Hayashi Y, "Regulation and function of aquaporin-1 in glioma cells", Neoplasia, 9, pp.777~787 (2007)
- Heilig CW, "Glucose transporter-1-deficient mice exhibit impaired development and deformities that are similar to diabetic embryopathy", Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 100, pp.15613~15618 (2003)
- Herrick JR, "Chemical manipulation of glucose metabolism in porcine oocytes: effects on nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation in vitro", Reproduction, 131, pp.289~298 (2006)
- Hillman N, "Ultrastructural and autoradiographic studies of mouse cleavage stages", Am J Anat, 126, pp.151~173 (1969)
- Houghton FD, "Energy metabolism of the inner cell mass and trophectoderm of the mouse blastocyst", Differentiation, 74, pp.11~18 (2006)
- Houghton FD, "Na+, K+, ATPase activity in the human and bovine preimplantation embryo", Dev Biol, 263, pp.360~366 (2003)
- Houghton FD, "Metabolism and developmental competence of the preimplantation embryo", Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol, 115, pp.S92~S96 (2004)
- Houghton FD, "Leese HJ(1996)Oxygen consumption and energy metabolism of the early mouse embryo", Mol Reprod Devel, 44, pp.476~485 (1996)
- Hugentobler SA, "Energy substrates in bovine oviduct and uterine fluid and blood plasma during the oestrous cycle", Mol Reprod Dev, 75, pp.496~503 (2008)
- Jansen S, "Glucose affects monocarboxylate cotransporter(MCT)1 expression during mouse preimplantation development", Reproduction, 131, pp.469~479 (2006)
- Jensen PJ, "GLUT1 deficiency links nutrient availability and apoptosis during embryonic development", J Biol Chem, 281, pp.13382~13387 (2006)
- Juel C, "Lactate-proton cotransport in skeletal muscle", Physiol Rev, 77, pp.321~358 (1997)
- Kameyama Y, "Characterization of mitochondrial replication and transcription control during rat early development in vivo and in vitro", Reproduction, 133, pp.423~432 (2007)
- Keim AL, "Hyperglycemia-induced apoptotic cell death in the mouse blastocyst is dependent on expression of p53", Mol Reprod Dev, 60, pp.214~224 (2001)
- Kimura K, "Effects of oxidative stress and inhibitors of the pentose phosphate pathway on sexually dimorphic production of IFN-tau by bovine blastocysts", Mol Reprod Dev, 68, pp.88~95 (2004)
- Kind KL, "-regulated expression of GLUT-1, GLUT-3, and VEGF in the mouse blastocyst", Mol Reprod Dev, 70, pp.37~44 (2005)
- Khurana NK, "Energy metabolism in preimplantation bovine embryos derived in vitro or in vivo", Biol Reprod, 62, pp.847~856 (2000)
- Lane M, "Assessment of metabolism of equine morulae and blastocysts", Mol Reprod Dev, 59, pp.33~37 (2001)
- Leese HJ, "Pyruvate and glucose uptake by mouse ova and preimplantation embryos", J Reprod Fertil, 72, pp.9~13 (1984)
- Leese HJ, "Metabolic control during preimplantation mammalian development", Hum Reprod Update, 1, pp.63~72 (1995)
- Leese HJ, "Quiet please, do not disturb: a hypothesis of embryo metabolism and viability", BioEssays, 24, pp.845~849 (2002)
- Leppens-Luisier G, "Development, glycolytic activity, and viability of preimplantation mouse embryos subjected to different periods of glucose starvation", Biol Reprod, 56, pp.589~596 (1997)
- Leunda-Casi A, "Decreased expression of fibroblast growth factor-4 and associated dysregulation of trophoblast differentiation in mouse blastocysts exposed to high D-glucose in vitro", Diabetologia, 44, pp.1318~1325 (2001)
- Loo DD, "Passive water and ion transport by cotransporter", J Physiol, 518, pp.195~202 (1999)
- Martin KL, "Role of glucose in mouse preimplantation embryo development", Mol Reprod Dev, 40, pp.436~443 (1995)
- Merz EA, "Protein degradation during preimplantation development of the mouse", J Reprod Fertil, 61, pp.415~418 (1981)
- Moley KH, "Maternal hyperglycemia alters glucose transport and utilization in mouse preimplantation embryos", Am J Physiol, 275, pp.E38~E47 (1998)
- Navarrete Santos A, "Two insulin-responsive glucose transporter isoforms and the insulin receptor are developmentally expressed in rabbit preimplantation embryos", Reproduction, 128, pp.503~516 (2004)
- Navarrete Santos A, "Pantaleon M, Kaye P, Fisher B (2004) Insulin acts via mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation in rabbit blastocysts", Reproduction, 128, pp.517~526 (2004)
- Oropeza A, "Improvement of the developmental capacity of oocytes from prepubertal cattle by intraovarian insulin-like growth factor-I application", Biol Reprod, 70, pp.1634~1643 (2004)
- Pampfer S, "Effect of tumour necrosis factor alpha on rat blastocyst growth and glucose metabolism", J Reprod Fertil, 101, pp.199~206 (1994)
- Pantaleon M, "role of insulin-like growth factor II and its receptor in mouse preimplantation development", Reprod Fertil Dev, 15, pp.37~45 (2003)
- Poole RC, "Transport of lactate and other monocarboxylates across mammalian plasma membranes", Am J Physiol, 264, pp.C761~C782 (1993)
- fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography imaging, "Clin Cancer Res", 2004, 2245~2252
- Riley JK, "The PI3K", Akt pathway is present and functional in the preimplantation mouse embryo, 2005, pp.284, 377~386
- Riley JK, "Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity is critical for glucose metabolism and embryo survival in murine blastocysts", J Biol Chem, pp.6010~6019 (2006)
- Robertson SA, "Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor promotes glucose transport and blastomere viability in murine preimplantation embryos", Biol Reprod, 64, pp.1206~1215 (2001)
- Russo VC, "Neuronal protection from glucose deprivation via modulation of glucose transport and inhibition of apoptosis: a role for the insulin-like growth factor system", Brain Res, 1009, pp.40~53 (2004)
- Sagirkaya H, "Developmental and molecular correlates of bovine preimplantation embryos", Reproduction, 131, pp.895~904 (2006)
- Sathananthan AH, "Mitochondrial morphology during preimplantational human embryogenesis", Hum Reprod, (S2), pp.148~159 (2000)
- Schreiber R, "The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator activates aquaporin 3 in airway epithelial cells", J Biol Chem, 274, pp.11811~11816 (1999)
- Sinclair KD, "Regulation of nutrient uptake and metabolism in pre-elongation ruminant embryos", Reprod Suppl, 61, pp.371~385 (2003)
- Stern S, "Mitochondria and early development of the mouse", J Exp Zool, 176, pp.179~191 (1971)
- Stewart MD, "Prolactin receptor and uterine milk protein expression in the ovine endometrium during the estrous cycle and pregnancy", Biology of Reproduction, 62, pp.1779~1789 (2000)
- Sturmey RG, "Energy metabolism in pig oocytes and early embryos", Reproduction, 126, pp.197~204 (2003)
- Summers MC, "Chemically defined media and the culture of mammalian preimplantation embryos: historical perspective and current issues", Hum Reprod, 9, pp.557~582 (2003)
- Thompson JG, "Oxygen uptake and carbohydrate metabolism by in vitro derived bovine embryos", J Reprod Fertil, 106, pp.299~306 (1996)
- Trimarchi JR, "Oxidative phosphorylation-dependent and –independent oxygen consumption by individual preimplantation mouse embryos", Biol Reprod, 62, pp.1866~1874 (2000)
- Uldry M, "The SLC2 family of facilitated hexose and polyol transporters", Pflugers Arch Eur J Physiol, 447, pp.480~489 (2004)
- Vorbrodt A, "Ultrastructural cytochemistry of memhrane bound phosphatases in preimplantation mouse embryos", Dev Biol, 55, pp.117~134 (1977)
- Wales RG, "Volume of fluid and concentration of cations and energy substrates in the uteri of mice during early pseudopregnancy", Reprod Fertil Dev, 1, pp.171~178 (1989)
- Watson AJ, "Immunofluorescence assessment of the timing of appearance and cellular distribution of Na ‘", K—ATPase during mouse embryogenesis, 1988, pp.126, 80~90
- Wiebold JL, "Lethality of tritiated amino acid in early mouse embryos", J Embryol Exp Morpho, 88, pp.209~217 (1985)
- Wood IS, "Glucose transporters (GLUT and SGLT): expanded families of sugar transport proteins", Br J Nutr, 89, pp.3~9 (2003)
- Yang B, "Urea transporter UT3 functions as an efficient water channel: direct evidence for a common water", urea pathway, 1998, pp.273, 9369~9372
- Zhang R, "Evidence from oocyte expression that the erythrocyte water channel is distinct from band 3 and the glucose transporter", J Clin Invest, 88, pp.1553~1558 (1991)
- Zheng P, "Effects of in vitro oocyte maturation and embryo culture on the expression of glucose transporters, glucose metabolism and insulin signaling genes in rhesus monkey oocytes and preimplantation embryos", Mol Hum Reprod, 13, pp.361~371 (2007)