Clearing techniques for deeper imaging of plants and plant–microbe interactions
1
조회
0
다운로드
0
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
Plant cells are uniquely characterized by exhibiting cell walls, pigments, and phenolic compounds, which can impede microscopic observations by absorbing and scattering light. The concept of clearing was first proposed in the late nineteenth century to address this issue, aiming to render plant specimens transparent using chloral hydrate. Clearing techniques involve chemical procedures that render biological specimens transparent, enabling deep imaging without physical sectioning. Drawing inspiration from clearing techniques for animal specimens, various protocols have been adapted for plant research. These procedures include (i) hydrophobic methods (e.g., Visikol™), (ii) hydrophilic methods (ScaleP and ClearSee), and (iii) hydrogel-based methods (PEA-CLARITY). Initially, clearing techniques for plants were mainly utilized for deep imaging of seeds and leaves of herbaceous plants such as Arabidopsis thaliana and rice. Utilizing cell wall-specific fluorescent dyes for plants and fungi, researchers have documented the post-penetration behavior of plant pathogenic fungi within hosts. State-of-the-art plant clearing techniques, coupled with microbe-specific labeling and high-throughput imaging methods, offer the potential to advance the in planta characterization of plant microbiomes.
Abstract
Plant cells are uniquely characterized by exhibiting cell walls, pigments, and phenolic compounds, which can impede microscopic observations by absorbing and scattering light. The concept of clearing was first proposed in the late nineteenth century to address this issue, aiming to render plant specimens transparent using chloral hydrate. Clearing techniques involve chemical procedures that render biological specimens transparent, enabling deep imaging without physical sectioning. Drawing inspiration from clearing techniques for animal specimens, various protocols have been adapted for plant research. These procedures include (i) hydrophobic methods (e.g., Visikol™), (ii) hydrophilic methods (ScaleP and ClearSee), and (iii) hydrogel-based methods (PEA-CLARITY). Initially, clearing techniques for plants were mainly utilized for deep imaging of seeds and leaves of herbaceous plants such as Arabidopsis thaliana and rice. Utilizing cell wall-specific fluorescent dyes for plants and fungi, researchers have documented the post-penetration behavior of plant pathogenic fungi within hosts. State-of-the-art plant clearing techniques, coupled with microbe-specific labeling and high-throughput imaging methods, offer the potential to advance the in planta characterization of plant microbiomes.
참고문헌 (31)
- P. Ariel, "A beginner’s guide to tissue clearing", Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol, 84, pp.35~39 (2017)
- V. P. S. Attuluri, "Comparing the efficiency of six clearing methods in developing seeds of Arabidopsis thaliana", Plant Reprod, 35, pp.279~293 (2022)
- K. Chung, "Structural and molecular interrogation of intact biological systems", Structural and molecular interrogation of intact biological systems. Nature, 497, pp.332~337 (2013)
- J. Hasegawa, "Three-dimensional imaging of plant organs using a simple and rapid transparency technique", Plant Cell Physiol, 57, pp.462~472 (2016)
- M. Hériché, "Imaging plant tissues : advances and promising clearing practices", Trends Plant Sci, 27, pp.601~615 (2022)
- H. Hoyer, "Beiträge Zur Histologischen Technik", Biol. Centralbl, 2, pp.23~24 (1882)
- T. B. Jele, "Engineered transparent wood composites: a review", Cellulose, 30, pp.5447~5471 (2023)
- K. W. Kim, "An infection model of apple white rot based on conidial germination and appressorium formation of Botryosphaeria dothidea", Plant Pathol. J, 21, pp.322~327 (2005)
- N. L. Knight, "A rapid differential staining technique for Fusarium pseudograminearum in cereal tissues during crown rot infections", Plant Pathol, 60, pp.1140~1143 (2011)
- D. Kurihara, "ClearSee: a rapid optical clearing reagent for whole-plant fluorescence imaging", Development, 142, pp.4168~4179 (2015)
- V.H. Lundvall, "Anatomischer Anzeiger" (1905), Gustav Fischer
- K. R. Minker, "Semiautomated confocal imaging of fungal pathogenesis on plants : Microscopic analysis of macroscopic specimens", Microsc. Res. Tech, 81, pp.141~152 (2018)
- T. J. Musielak, "A versatile optical clearing protocol for deep tissue imaging of fluorescent proteins in Arabidopsis thaliana", PLoS ONE, 11, pp.e0161107~ (2016)
- M. Ovečka, "Imaging plant cells and organs with light-sheet and super-resolution microscopy", Plant Physiol, 188, pp.683~702 (2022)
- W. M. Palmer, "PEA-CLARITY : 3D molecular imaging of whole plant organs", Sci. Rep, 5, pp.13492~ (2015)
- D. S. Richardson, "Clarifying tissue clearing", Cell, 16, pp.246~257 (2015)
- D.S. Richardson, "Tissue clearing", Nat. Rev. Methods Primers, 1, pp.84~ (2021)
- Y. Sakamoto, "Improved clearing method contributes to deep imaging of plant organs", Commun. Biol, 5, pp.12~ (2022)
- J. L. S. Simpson, "A short method of clearing plant tissues for anatomical studies", Stain Technol, 4, pp.131~132 (1929)
- W. Spalteholz, "Uber das Durchsichtigmachen von menschlichen und tierischen Praparaten" (1911), S. Hierzel
- K. R. Sporne, "A note on a rapid clearing technique of wide application", New Phytol, 47, pp.290~291 (1948)
- E. A. Susaki, "Basics and applications of tissue clearing technology", TCIMAIL, 189, pp.9~14 (2022)
- K. Tainaka, "Chemical principles in tissue clearing and staining protocols for whole-body cell profiling", Annu. Rev Cell Dev. Biol, 32, pp.713~741 (2016)
- H.R. Ueda, "Whole-brain profiling of cells and circuits in mammals by tissue clearing and light-sheet microscopy", Neuron, 106, pp.369~387 (2020)
- H. R. Ueda, "Tissue clearing and its applications in neuroscience", Nat. Rev. Neurosci, 21, pp.61~79 (2020)
- T. S. Villani, "An improved clearing and mounting solution to replace chloral hydrate in microscopic applications", Appl. Plant Sci, 1, pp.1300016~ (2013)
- C. A. Warner, "An optical clearing technique for plant tissues allowing deep imaging and compatible with fluorescence microscopy", Plant Physiol, 166, pp.1684~1687 (2014)
- G. Wolf, "A rapid staining method fro Erysiphe graminis f. sp. hordei in nd on whole barley leaves with a protein-specific dye", Phytopathology, 71, pp.596~598 (1981)
- Q. Xia, "Solar-assisted fabrication of large-scale, patternable transparent wood", Sci. Adv, 7, pp.eabd7342~ (2021)
- H. Yamada, "Beyond 2D: a scalable and highly sensitive method for a comprehensive 3D analysis of kidney biopsy tissue", PNAS Nexus, 3, pp.433~ (2024)
- H. Yang, "Light and wood: A review of optically transparent wood for architectural applications", Ind. Crops Prod, 204, pp.117287~ (2023)