논쟁의 정치에서 스케일의 역할에 관한 연구: 그린벨트를 둘러싼 논쟁을 사례로
Scale in Contentious Politics: the Case of Greenbelt Controversy
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본 연구는 그린벨트 재조정을 둘러싼 사회논쟁에서 스케일이 어떤 역할을 하였는지를 고찰하였다. 그린벨트 운용에 있어서 스케일 미스매치는 지방의 불만을 증폭시켰고, 그린벨트 대폭 축소를 옹호하는 감정적 촉매역할을 하였다. 스케일은 시민사회조직과 그린벨트 주민집단의 동원전략으로서 작동하였는데, 이들은 가장 유리한 운동 환경을 제공해 주는 스케일을 생성하면서 운동을 전개해 나갔다. 스케일은 또한 논쟁정치의 결과로서 생산되기도 한다. 즉, 국토계획에서 지역계획이라는 새로운 스케일이 탄생하였고, “국민행동”이라는 이름 짓기를 통해 전국적인 사회운동 스케일이 생성되었다. 본 사례연구는 스케일이 논쟁정치의 원인으로서, 과정으로서, 결과로서 개입됨을 보여줌으로 사회운동에 대한 이론적, 실제적 이해를 향상시키는데 기여할 수 있다. 이는 또한 사회운동 연구에서 미진하였던 지리학적 관점을 보완해주는 역할을 하고 있다. 본 연구는 스케일의 정치에 관한 이론적 논쟁을 진일보 시키고자 한다. 기존의 스케일 연구는 스케일 상승 전략에만 초점을 맞추고 이를 가장 효과적인 스케일 전략으로 규정하고 있다. 그러나, 사례연구는 스케일 하강 전략이 운동의 지속성 담보에 결정적 역할을 하므로 스케일 상승과 하강 전략이 유기적으로 결합되어야 함을 지적하고 있다.
Abstract
This paper examines how scale engages in contentious politics through a case study of social controversy over greenbelts in South Korea. Scale mismatch in the administration of greenbelts constructed grievances in localities with greenbelts, which contributed to the rise of anti-greenbelt sentiment. Scale was utilized as a mobilization strategy by NGOs as they created scale which provided more favorable conditions for their mobilizations. Scale was also created as a result of contentious politics. Examples include the creation of regional scale in planning, and discursive construction of national scale in social movements. This case study can enhance practical and theoretical understandings of social movements by illustrating critical role of scale in contentious politics as a reason, medium and outcome. This can facilitate geographical engagement in the study of social movements, one of the missing points in this field. In addition, this paper aimed to advance theoretical debates over politics of scale. It points out that most scale literature narrowly focuses on scaling up politics as the most effective scalar strategy. However, the case in this paper shows the necessity of scaling down for sustaining the movement, thereby, the simultaneous utilization of scaling up and down politics.
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