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ESG 또는 기업의 사회적 책임, 그리고 기업 재무성과: 실증연구 고찰과 향후 발전 방향

ESG·CSR and Corporate Financial Performance: What Have We Learned, and Where Do We Go from Here?

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키워드

주제분류경영학

초록

비록 학술지에서 이 주제에 대해서 다룬 것은 한 세기 전까지 거슬러 올라갈 수 있지만, 기업의 사회적 책임(CSR), 또는 ESG에 대한 학문적 관심은 특히 지난 30여 년간 엄청나게 증가하였다. 이러한 관심을 반영하여 무수히 많은 연구가 이 분야에서 진행되었고, 지난 20여 년간 이 분야의 학자들이 가장 자주 다룬 주제는 바로 CSR․ESG와 기업의 재무성과(CFP)의 관계였다. CSR․ESG와 CFP의 관계를 검증한 연구들은 나름의 논리적 입장을 토대로 각기 긍정론, 부정론, 무효과론을 주장하고 있다. 정교한 연구 설계를 통한 최근의 연구들에서는 대부분 CSR․ESG와 CFP간의 정(+)의 관계를 보고하고 있으나 여전히 혼재된 결과들도 도출되고 있고, 특히, CSR․ESG를 잘 수행하면 재무성과가 좋아지는지, 즉 두 변수 사이에 확실한 인과관계가 존재하는지에 대한 논쟁은 계속되고 있다. 본 논문의 목적은 이 분야에서 이루어진 최신의 선행연구들을 검토하고, 그것을 바탕으로 앞으로의 연구 방향에 대하여 제언하는 것이다. 본 연구는 이 분야 최신 연구의 자세한 고찰을 토대로 다음의 몇 가지를 제안하였다. 첫째, ESG와 관련한 규제와 제도적 환경의 변화를 맞이하여 수혜를 받는 기업과 피해를 볼 기업에 대한 추가 연구의 필요성, 둘째, 현재의 ESG 지표가 지나치게 기술 중심 기업에 유리하고 고용을 많이 하고 세금 많이 내는 전통의 유통, 제조업에 불리하게 되어 있다는 지적을 감안한 연구의 필요성, 그리고 셋째, CSR․ESG와 CFP간의 인과관계 검증을 위해 CSR․ESG와 CFP의 시간차 고려와 장기간의 자료 사용, 내생성에 대한 철저한 통제, 그리고 보다 정교한 매개변수와 조절변수의 발굴을 통한 검증이다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 제안에 대한 보다 더 자세한 논의와 함께 이 분야의 학자들에게 조금이라도 도움을 줄 수 있는 향후 발전 방향에 대하여 제시하였다.

Abstract

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) or ESG had an incredible journey in the management literature over the past three decades. Whereas the scholarly literature about CSR dates to more than a century ago, its sensational rise in popularity in the 1990s and the 2000s implies that it is relatively a young area of academic research. While there are many research subjects, one of the most heavily studied topics in the area is the relationship between corporate social performance (CSP) and corporate financial performance (CFP). The empirical evidence on the relationship has been mixed. While most recent studies show a positive correlation between CSP and CFP, a considerable amount of research suggests that the relationship is not necessarily positive or significant. Furthermore, even in most studies that report a positive correlation between the two, it is not perfectly clear whether the relationship is causal whereby good CSR․ESG leads to good CFP. The purpose of this paper is to review the recent empirical studies, and develop suggestions for future research on this subject. We suggest that researchers on this subject must (1) focus more on impacts of ESG regulations on the relationship between CSP and CFP; (2) pay attention to a claim that ESG investment favors tech companies with fewer workers and low effective tax rate and the claim’s implication to the CSP-CFP relationship research; and (3) address endogeneity concerns of the causal relationship between CSP and CFP and find more convincing mediators and moderators between the two variables. We conclude with detailed directions for future research that will enable scholars to do a more fine grained study on this subject thereby revealing the relationship between CSP and CFP clearly.

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