본문 바로가기
KERD
논문KCI 등재

지정학적 리스크가 메모리 산업에 미치는 영향: 삼성전자와 SK하이닉스의 시나리오 분석을 통한 지정학적 리스크 분석

Winners and Losers in the Memory Industry Amid Escalating Geopolitical Risks

0

조회

0

다운로드

0

인용

0

참고문헌

키워드

주제분류경영학

초록

중국의 미국 패권에 대한 도전은 지역을 넘어선 지정학적 변화를 초래하고 있다. 특히 중국의 대만병합 의지는 미국과의 군사적 충돌 가능성을 높이고 있다. 이러한 미․중 간의 잠재적 충돌로 인해중국 내에서 사업을 운영 중인 삼성전자와 SK하이닉스가 직면한 지정학적 리스크가 증폭되고 있다. 본 논문은 시나리오 분석 방법을 활용하여 미․중 갈등이 격화되어 전쟁이 발발할 경우, 삼성전자와SK하이닉스의 장기 생존 및 경쟁력에 미치는 영향을 분석한다. 구체적으로, 이 기업들이 중국 내 사업중단을 고려해야 하는 상황을 설정하고, 이 시나리오에서 메모리 산업의 승자와 패자가 어떻게 결정될수 있는지를 분석한다. 분석 결과, 삼성전자는 승자가 되고, 반대로 SK하이닉스는 패자가 될 가능성이높은 것으로 결과가 도출되었다. 두 기업 간의 차이는 지정학적 환경변화에 대응하는 전략적 접근 방식의차이에서 비롯된 것으로 분석되었다. SK하이닉스는 자사의 주요 수익원인 DRAM 사업의 중국 생산비중을 지속적으로 높여 지정학적 리스크에 대한 노출을 증폭시켰다. 반면 삼성전자의 경우 DRAM 생산시설을 한국에 집중함으로써 지정학적 리스크에 대한 노출을 크게 늘리지 않았다. 또한, 2017년산업 호황기부터 SK하이닉스는 차입을 통한 투자를 늘려 재무 건전성을 약화했다. 반면, 삼성전자는이를 자제하고 높은 현금 보유량을 유지함으로써 지정학적 위기 시 재정적 충격을 완화할 수 있는여력을 구축했다. 본 연구는 두 기업의 사례를 통해 생산시설의 지역적 안배와 위기 상황에 대비한재무 건전성의 유지가 지정학적 리스크가 발생하는 상황에서 산업의 승자와 패자를 결정하는 중요한요소가 될 수 있음을 제시한다.

Abstract

The escalation of tensions between the United States and China is amplifying geopolitical risks for Samsung Electronics and SK Hynix, which run semiconductor fabs in China. The present paper employs the scenario-analysis approach to examine how the outbreak of a war between the two countries could affect the long-term sustainability of their memory businesses. We assume that the war will lead these firms to suspend their businesses in China. We then assess the impact of this war on their memory businesses. Our findings suggest that Samsung Electronics is likely to emerge as a winner, whereas SK Hynix as a loser. The contrasting results stem from their strategic choices in coping with shifting geopolitical environments. SK Hynix has increased its exposure to geopolitical risks by continuously expanding its DRAM and NAND Flash memory production capacity in China. In contrast, Samsung Electronics has concentrated its DRAM production facilities in South Korea, thereby maintaining lower exposure to geopolitical risks. Furthermore, since the industry boom in 2017, SK Hynix has weakened its financial strength by making aggressive investments with heavy leverage, whereas Samsung Electronics minimized the use of leverage. We find that exposure to geopolitical vulnerabilities and financial strength turn out to be two critical factors in determining the winners and losers in the face of rising geopolitical risks.

참고문헌 (90)

  1. "SK하이닉스, 인텔 낸드 사업부 1단계 인수 완료" (2021)[URL]
  2. "역대급 불황인데, 웨이퍼 투자는 왜?" (2023)[URL]
  3. "SK하이닉스 내달 중국 낸드포럼서 첫기조연설" (2024)[URL]
  4. "삼성전자 4Q23 잠정 리뷰: 메모리 탓만은 아니다" (2024)[URL]
  5. "SK하이닉스 비로소 남는 장사를 재개하다" (2024)[URL]
  6. "‘환율 왜 이래?’…'210조' 외화빚 쇼크에 기업들 '초비상'" (2023)[URL]
  7. "실적 본궤도에 100조 실탄 채운 삼성전자…'대형 M&A' 온다" (2024)[URL]
  8. "EU-中 전기차 충돌… ‘보조금조사’ vs ‘보호무역’" (2023)[URL]
  9. "SK하이닉스, 중국 우시 D램 공장에 3년간 2조4천억원 보완 투자(종합)" (2022)[URL]
  10. "대중 수출 썰물 가속화 …중간재 사다 완성품 만들던 중국이 아니다" (2023)[URL]
  11. "K-방산, 수출시장 확대로 국가경제성장 선도 기대" (2024)[URL]
  12. "엔비디아, 약세...저사양 GPU도 대중국 수출 추가 규제 우려" (2023)[URL]
  13. 산업통상자원부, "2024년 4월 수출입 동향", ~ (2024)
  14. "사업보고서(제54기)" (2023)[URL]
  15. 송충기, "역사의 이용과 오용: 백년 후에 바라본제1차 세계대전", 지식의 지평, 32, pp.32~46 (2022)
  16. "韓 메모리반도체 수출 점유율 중국 이어 2위" (2024)[URL]
  17. "'우시(無錫)-SK하이닉스' 윈윈의 모범사례" (2015)[URL]
  18. "30조 들인 삼성 中 시안 2공장 본격 가동…전 세계 낸드 10% 생산" (2022)[URL]
  19. "SMIC에 반도체 장비 팔다 걸린 어플라이드...美 정부 소환에 대중 수출 타격 우려" (2024)[URL]
  20. 조용헌, "운하에서 배우는 ‘연결 혁명’", 동아비즈니스리뷰, 384(1) (2024)
  21. 한국 반도체산업의 상계관세 분쟁 사례연구, "주대영", 산업연구원, ~ (2003)
  22. "수에즈운하, 미중 경쟁 시대에 지정학 요충지의 가치 일깨웠다" (2021)[URL]
  23. "공장 매각도 못하고 가동도 불가능 … 韓기업 탈러시아 딜레마" (2023)[URL]
  24. "거세지는 대중 반도체 제재… ASML, 中에 판 반도체 장비 수리 못하나" (2024)[URL]
  25. "한국상장사협의회-COINS"[URL]
  26. "EU unveils 210 bln euro plan to ditch Russian fossil fuels" (2022)[URL]
  27. Alchian, A. A., "Uncertainty, evolution, and economic theory", Journal of Political Economy, 58(3), pp.211~221 (1950)
  28. Allison, G. T., "Destined for War: Can America and China Escape Thucydides’s Trap?" (2017), Houghton Mifflin Harcourt
  29. Allison, G. T., "Destined for War?", The National Interest, 149, pp.9~21 (2017)
  30. "Mexico’s Moment" (2023)[URL]
  31. Barma, N. H., "Imagine a world in which : using scenarios in political science", International Studies Perspectives, 17(2), pp.117~135 (2016)
  32. Baron, D. P., "Integrated strategy : Market and nonmarket components", California Management Review, 37(2), pp.47~65 (1995)
  33. Basalla, G., "The evolution of technology" (1988), Cambridge University Press
  34. Baten, J., "Making profits in wartime : corporate profits, inequality, and GDP in Germany during the First World War 1", The Economic History Review, 58(1), pp.34~56 (2005)
  35. "Lithium-Ion Battery Pack Prices Hit Record Low of $139/kWh" (2022)[URL]
  36. Bryan, F. J., "Joseph McCarthy, Robert Kennedy, and the Greek shipping crisis : a study of foreign policy rhetoric", Presidential Studies Quarterly, 24(1), pp.93~104 (1994)
  37. "JPMorgan's Jamie Dimon sounds alarm about possible worst risks to U.S. since WWII" (2024)[URL]
  38. Chang, S., "Dynamics of imitation versus innovation in technological leadership change : Latecomers’catch-up strategies in diverse technological regimes", Research Policy, 53(9), pp.105056~ (2024)
  39. Chermack, T. J., "Disciplined imagination : Building scenarios and building theories", Futures, 39(1), pp.1~15 (2007)
  40. "President Yoon wants South Korea to become one of world’s top weapons suppliers" (2022)[URL]
  41. Delios, A., "Political hazards, experience, and sequential entry strategies : The international expansion of Japanese firms, 1980-1998", Strategic Management Journal, 24(11), pp.1153~1164 (2003)
  42. Dobson, A. P., "From Instrumental to Expressive : The Changing Goals of the US Cold War Strategic Embargo", Journal of Cold War Studies, 12(1), pp.98~119 (2010)
  43. Doh, J. P., "Advancing nonmarket strategy research : Institutional perspectives in a changing world", Academy of Management Perspectives, 26(3), pp.22~39 (2012)
  44. "A Taiwan Crisis May Mark the End of the American Empire" (2021)[URL]
  45. "South Korea Has Quietly Become One Of The World’s Biggest Weapons Suppliers" (2022)[URL]
  46. Friedman, M., "Essays in Positive Economics" (1953), University of Chicago Press
  47. "Germany’s energy dilemma" (2014)[URL]
  48. García-Canal, E., "Risk and the strategy of foreign location choice in regulated industries", Strategic Management Journal, 29(10), pp.1097~1115 (2008)
  49. Gerth, M., "The sinews of war : McCarthyism crosses the Atlantic", Australian Journal of Politics & History, 68(1), pp.90~108 (2022)
  50. "Lower battery prices are expected to eventually boost EV demand" (2024)[URL]
  51. Holburn, G. L., "Political capabilities, policy risk, and international investment strategy : Evidence from the global electric power generation industry", Strategic Management Journal, 31(12), pp.1290~1315 (2010)
  52. "US looks to shut China out of its battery supply chain" (2023)[URL]
  53. Ingenhoff, D., "Corporate diplomacy and political CSR : Similarities, differences and theoretical implications", Public Relations Review, 45(2), pp.348~371 (2019)
  54. Junio, T. J., "Conceiving of future war : The promise of scenario analysis for international relations", International Studies Review, 15(3), pp.374~395 (2013)
  55. "Natural-Gas Cuts Threaten World's Largest Chemicals Hub" (2022)[URL]
  56. Kim, J., "Boom-and-Bust Cycles in the Memory-chip Sector and Samsung’s Supercycle Strategy", pp.2023
  57. Klepper, S., "The making of an oligopoly : firm survival and technological change in the evolution of the US tire industry", Journal of Political Economy, 108(4), pp.728~760 (2000)
  58. Lee, J., "The Chicken Game and the Amplified Semiconductor Cycle : The Evolution of the DRAM Industry from 2006 to 2014", Seoul Journal of Business, 21(1), pp.1~30 (2015)
  59. Lee, J., "A hidden cost of strategic alliances under Schumpeterian dynamics", Research Policy, 39(2), pp.229~238 (2010)
  60. Levinson, M., "Outside the Box: How Globalization Changed From Moving Stuff to Spreading Ideas" (2020), Princeton University Press
  61. Li, J., "Corporate diplomacy in the age of U. S. –China rivalry", Academy of Management Perspectives, 36(4), pp.1007~1032 (2022)
  62. McKinney, J. M., "Broken nest : Deterring China from invading Taiwan", Parameters, 51(4), pp.23~36 (2021)
  63. Mearsheimer, J. J., "The gathering storm : China’s challenge to US power in Asia", The Chinese Journal of International Politics, 3(4), pp.381~396 (2010)
  64. Mearsheimer, J. J., "The inevitable rivalry : America, China, and the tragedy of greatpower politics", Foreign Affairs, 100, pp.48~58 (2021)
  65. Mearsheimer, J. J., "How States Think:The Rationality of Foreign Policy" (2023), Yale University Press
  66. Mellahi, K., "A review of the nonmarket strategy literature : Toward a multi-theoretical integration", Journal of Management, 42(1), pp.143~173 (2016)
  67. Miller, C., "Chip War: The Fight for the World’s Most Critical Technology" (2022), Scribner
  68. Nelson, R. R., "Forces Generating and Limiting Concentration under Schumpeterian Competition", The Bell Journal of Economics, 9(2), pp.524~548 (1978)
  69. Nelson, R. R., "An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change" (1982), Harvard University Press
  70. Nelson, R. R., "Modern Evolutionary Economics: An Overview" (2018), Cambridge University Press
  71. Oliva, M., "Eisenhower and American Public Opinion on China" (2018), Palgrave
  72. Ostrom, E., "A Behavioral Approach to the Rational Choice Theory of Collective Action : Presidential Address, American Political Science Association, 1997", American Political Science Review, 92(1), pp.1~22 (1998)
  73. Papic, M., "Geopolitical alpha: An investment framework for predicting the future" (2020), John Wiley & Sons
  74. "Geopolitical Alpha & Beta" (2022)[URL]
  75. Phan, P. H., "International politics and management research : A glaring white space calling out to be filled", Academy of Management Perspectives, 33(1), pp.1~2 (2019)
  76. "Timeline of US actions against China's chip industry" (2023)[URL]
  77. Rumelt, R. P., "Strategic management and economics", Strategic Management Journal, 12(S2), pp.5~29 (1991)
  78. Schot, J., "Niches in evolutionary theories of technical change : A critical survey of the literature", Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 17, pp.605~622 (2007)
  79. Schrecker, E. W., "Archival sources for the study of McCarthyism", The Journal of American History, 75(1), pp.197~208 (1988)
  80. Schumpeter, J. A., "The Theory of Economic Development: An Inquiry Into Profits, Capital, Credit, Interest, and the Business Cycle" (1934), Harvard University Press
  81. Suarez, F. F., "Dominant designs and the survival of firms", Strategic Management Journal, 16(6), pp.415~430 (1995)
  82. Sun, P., "Navigating cross-border institutional complexity : A review and assessment of multinational nonmarket strategy research", Journal of International Business Studies, 52(9), pp.1818~1853 (2021)
  83. Sus, M., "Theory-infused and policy-relevant : On the usefulness of scenario analysis for international relations", Contemporary Security Policy, 41(3), pp.432~455 (2020)
  84. "’Chip War’: The China-US Competition for Critical Technology" (2022)[URL]
  85. "Henry Kissinger explains how to avoid world war three" (2023)[URL]
  86. Thorp, W. L., "American Policy and the Soviet Economic Offensive", Foreign Affairs, 35, pp.271~282 (1956)
  87. "Risks and requirements for German gas and energy policy" (2022)[URL]
  88. "BASF Investment Cuts Deepen Germn Economic Gloom" (2023)[URL]
  89. Winter, S. G., "Satisficing, selection, and the innovating remnant", The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 85(2), pp.237~261 (1971)
  90. "WSTS Semiconductor Market Forecast Spring 2024" (2024)[URL]

관련 논문AI추천

이 간행물의 다른 논문 (4건)