试论网络互助的法律性质界定
Legal Analyses of Online Mutual Insurance Platforms in China Abstract
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网络互助是“互联网+保险”在分享经济的背景下，金融保险行业中发展出来的一种新型业态. 作为当下中国特有的一种“类保险”业态，与传统的相互保险、合作社制度相关，而在互联网环境下，又与网络保险和共享经济产生交集. 应当说是作为分享经济理念下一种社会保障创新，网络互助填补了社会保障和商业保险之间的中间地带，有助于推动我国保险市场更加成熟. 但在现有的制度体系下，网络互助合法化的方向仍是模糊的，业务规则的缺失，对金融领域改革发展理念下政府的监管是一个新的挑战. 尤其是这两年互联网金融风险集中爆发，很容易让人对网络互助可否晋级保险，是否会变身怪胎产生恐惧，进而制约相关制度的建设. 对网络互助法律性质界定的理论困难，亦使中国监管措施无法有效配合迅速发展的形势. 本文拟以网络互助的法律性质界定为中心，探讨其存在的合理性及未来在商事法律体系中的定位. 性质厘定既有利于利用保险业“共济互保”的天然特性推广相互制在我国的建立，也有益于拓展非营利事业的发展途径. 以期为中国体系化分类私保险和公保险、类型化规范互联网保险，建设新型社会企业提供立法和监管思路.
Abstract
There was a special kind of Internet platforms that has exploded in China since 2015. It was called in deference terms as “Online Mutual Insurance”, or “Online Mutual Assistance”. Online mutual assistance is a new type of business developed in the financial and insurance industry under the background of “Internet + Insurance” in the sharing economy. As a unique format exist only in China at present, it is related to the traditional mutual insurance and insurance cooperative systems. It also intersects with online insurance and the sharing economy when we are talking about internet environment. As a kind of social security innovation under the concept of sharing economy, online mutual assistance fills the middle ground between social security and commercial insurance. It helps to promote my country's insurance market to become more mature if succussed. However, under the existing institutional system, it is still a challenge for the government to legalization of online mutual assistance as a supervisor. Especially in the past two years, with the outbreak of Internet financial risks caused by P2P online platform, panic spread to online mutual assistance that whether it will turn into a freak, thus restricting the construction of related systems. The theoretical difficulty to understand the deference between traditional insurance and online mutual assistance also prevents to build the regulation apply to it. This article intends to focus on legally analyses of the nature of mutual assistance, also to discuss the rationality of its existence and its future trend in the commercial legal system. The appearance of the mutual assistant platform is no doubt a reminding of some lack of our legal system not only mutual organization like mutual insurance, and also nonprofit organization like social enterprise. It is expected to provide legislative and regulatory ideas for China to systematically classify private insurance and public insurance, to standardize Internet insurance, and to build new social enterprises.
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