철학적 현대성 비판과 치유 신학의 가능성 - 존 밀뱅크의 아우구스티누스 전유를 넘어서
Philosophical Critiques of Modernity and the Possibility of Therapeutic Theology: Beyond John Milbank’s Appropriation of Augustine
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초록
본 논문은 현대성에 대한 철학적 비판을 살펴보면서 존 밀뱅크의 아우구스티누스의 두 도성론 재해석이 어떻게 현대 세속 이성의 한계를 비판, 극복하면서 신학적 병리 분석과 치유 담론으로 발전하는지를 고찰한다. 현대적 상황에서 치유 신학은 현대성에 대한 비판적인 담론에 관련하면서 가치 판단, 욕망, 감정, 정동의 병리성과 치유를 분석한다. 앨레스터 매킨타이어와 미쉘 푸코, 악셀 호네트는 다원적 자유주의, 권력과 통치성, 자본주의의 병리성을 비판하지만, 그 대안으로 전통 의존적 합리성, 자기 배려, 이성의 현실화를 제시한다. 다원적 자유주의의 정치-경제적 체제와 실정적 지배, 역사 해방과 진보의 변증법에 대해서, 밀뱅크는 신적 선물성과 비폭력적, 비경쟁적 자기 줌의 대항적 존재론, 자유, 평등, 공동 감각의 대항적 윤리, 신적 구원사라는 대항적 역사를 제시한다. 그의 반정립적 틀은 두 도성의 애매성과 혼합을 고려할 때, 기독교적 가치, 욕망, 감정, 정동 치료의 역동성을 포착할 수 있다.
Abstract
In examining various philosophical critiques of modernity, this paper analyzes how John Milbank’s reinterpretation of Augustine’s Two Cities can be developed into a theological pathological analysis and a therapeutic discourse that critiques and overcomes the limitations and problems of modern secular reason. Therapeutic theology analyzes the pathological symptoms of individual and social values, judgments, desires, emotions, and affections, while promising its own vision of therapy. In our contemporary context, therapeutic theology must engage with a number of critical discourses of modernity. Alasdair MacIntyre, Michelle Foucault, and Axel Honneth respectively critique the pathologies of pluralistic liberalism, power and governmentality, and capitalism with different emphases, and offer alternatives of tradition-dependent rationality, the care of the self, and the actualization of reason through conflicts. Against contemporary pluralistic liberalism, its political and economic systems and their positive domination, and the dialectics of historical liberation and progress, John Milbank proposes a counter-ontology of divine giftedness and non-violent, non-competitive self-giving; a counter-ethic of freedom, equality, and a sense of community; and a counter-history embodying a divine redemptive history. This antithetical framework, if complemented by the ambiguity and inter-mixture of the Two Cities, can capture the dynamics of the therapeutic process of values, desires, emotions, and affections in the lives of Christians living amidst contemporary secularity.
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