中国历史上第二部不成文国籍法的衍生
The Derivation of Second Unwritten Nationality Law in China’s History
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国籍以及国籍法的概念属于近代产物. 自19世纪中期起，沙俄和日本对 位于中国东北的珲春和龙井的侵入，不仅损害了延边地区的领土主权， 还影响了中国历史上第一部不成文国籍法的衍生和成文国籍法的出台. 在 朝鲜战争期间，美国如同19世纪中期的沙俄和20世纪初的日本对延边地 区进行的侵扰，侵害新中国领土主权的同时，也影响了中国历史上第二 部不成文国籍法的衍生. 1949年10月1日，中华人民共和国成立. 新中国废 除国民党时期的法律体系、开启了构筑全新法制体系的进程. 但紧随其后， 1950年6月25日，在朝鲜半岛发生军事冲突，美国介入朝鲜战争. 其目的， 不仅是支持韩国的李承晚军队对抗金日成的朝鲜军队，更意在遏制新生 的中华人民共和国政权. 因此，美国借朝鲜战争这一契机对延边地区进行 的军事侵扰，不仅危害了新中国的领土主权，而且对新中国的经济发展 和法制体系的构筑进程产生了重大影响. 同时，这也使得延边地区的地缘 政治环境以及朝鲜移民的国籍问题，再次呈现出复杂性. 随着朝鲜战争接 近尾声，新中国开始起草宪法，并颁布选举法. 鉴于基层选举即将开始， 居住东北的120万朝鲜移民的参政权所引发的国籍问题正式被提上议事日 程. 1953年7月27日，朝鲜战争宣告停战. 然而，开启的首个五年规划、面 临国际与国内的严峻局势，尤其是面临美国的潜在军事威胁以及“留民实 边”的紧迫性，1953年8月17日，中共中央下达了有关朝鲜移民国籍问题的 指示. 在成文国籍法缺位的特殊历史时期，“中央指示”不仅发挥了不成文 国籍法的作用，其原则还在“现行国籍法”中得以体现. 总而言之，国籍不 仅是连接自然人与特定国家的法律依据，更是国家行使属人管辖权和外 交保护权的法律依据. 自新中国成立至1980年制定并颁布“现行国籍法”为 止，“中央指示”不仅成为新中国解决和处理朝鲜移民国籍问题及其他国籍 事务的法律依据，实际上还成为了中国历史上第二部不成文国籍法.
Abstract
The concepts of nationality and nationality law are modern constructs. Beginning in the mid-19th century, the invasions of Hunchun and Longjing in Northeast China by Tsarist Russia and Japan not only undermined the territorial sovereignty of the Yanbian region but also influenced the emergence of China’s first unwritten nationality law and the enactment of its first written nationality law. During the Korean War, the United States, much like Tsarist Russia in the mid-19th century and Japan in the early 20th century, launched incursions into the Yanbian region. These actions violated the territorial sovereignty of the newly founded People’s Republic of China and contributed to the development of China’s second unwritten nationality law. On October 1, 1949, the People’s Republic of China was established. The new government abolished the legal system of the Kuomintang era and initiated the construction of an entirely new legal framework. However, shortly thereafter, on June 25, 1950, a military conflict erupted on the Korean Peninsula, prompting the United States to intervene in the Korean War. The U.S. aimed not only to support Syngman Rhee’s South Korean forces against Kim Il-sung’s North Korean troops but also to contain the nascent People’s Republic of China. Consequently, U.S. military incursions into the Yanbian region under the pretext of the Korean War endangered China’s territorial sovereignty and significantly impacted the country’s economic development and the progress of its legal system construction. Meanwhile, these events reignited discussions about the geopolitical environment of the Yanbian region and the nationality issues concerning Korean immigrants. As the Korean War drew to a close, the People’s Republic of China began drafting a constitution and promulgated an election law. On July 27, 1953, the Korean War formally ended with an armistice. Nevertheless, facing severe domestic and international challenges— particularly the potential military threat from the United States and the urgent need to “residents to consolidate the border”—the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China issued directives on the nationality issues of Korean immigrants on August 17, 1953. In this unique historical period, when no written nationality law existed, this “Central Instruction” functioned as an unwritten nationality law, and its principles were later incorporated into the current Nationality Law. In summary, nationality serves not only as the legal basis for linking individuals to a specific state but also as the foundation for a state to exercise personal jurisdiction and diplomatic protection. From the establishment of the People’s Republic of China until the formulation and promulgation of the current Nationality Law in 1980, the “Central Instruction” provided the legal framework for the new government to address and resolve nationality issues concerning Korean immigrants and other related matters. It also effectively functioned as China’s second unwritten nationality law