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Language Policy in Tanzania: Ideology, Practice, and Inequality.

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한국아프리카학회 (Korean Association Of African Studies)|2008.12|한국아프리카 학회지 (Journal of the Korean Association of African Studies)|제28권 제1호|pp. 139-172

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불평등inequalitypractice이데올로기ideologylanguage policy실천언어 정책탄자니아TanzaniaSwahili스와힐리어
주제분류학제간연구

초록

This article has been concerned with the language policy in Tanzania in the following three contexts: (1) a short history of the policy; (2) language practice in educational field; and (3) language ideology and inequality. The complexity of the sociolinguistic environment in Tanzania, like in other African countries, has its origin in the colonial epoch when colonial modes of production resulted in the incorporation of Tanzanians into the colonial system. Since the post-independence era, the Swahilization policy in Tanzania has experienced five important changes: the pre-Arusha period (1961-1967), the heyday of Swahilization (1967-1975), the period of confusion (1975-1982), the period of decline (1982-1986), and the period of relaxation (after 1986). In these days, Tanzania has been faced with the dilemma of enhancing its national language, Swahili, as a marker of national pride, identity and cohesion, while also promoting the continuos use of English in educational institutions for pragmatic reasons. Hence, the development process of the language policy in Tanzania is characterized by words like confusion, contradiction, and ambiguity. In my view, the reasons why such a phenomenon has occurred can be explained by the following two factors: (1) the difference between instrumental and symbolic attribution of language itself; and (2) the discrepancy between the ideal norm and real behavior of individual speakers. The discussion on language ideology is very important, since it has not just linguistic but also social implications. It is evident that language is by no means neutral and is in favor of the dominant group of a society. There is also no doubt that language as a cultural capital reveals the social identity of speakers, which inevitably accompanies inequality. That is to say, linguistic hierarchy lies in an inseparable relation with social hierarchy one another. The case of Tanzania is also not exceptional.

Abstract

This article has been concerned with the language policy in Tanzania in the following three contexts: (1) a short history of the policy; (2) language practice in educational field; and (3) language ideology and inequality. The complexity of the sociolinguistic environment in Tanzania, like in other African countries, has its origin in the colonial epoch when colonial modes of production resulted in the incorporation of Tanzanians into the colonial system. Since the post-independence era, the Swahilization policy in Tanzania has experienced five important changes: the pre-Arusha period (1961-1967), the heyday of Swahilization (1967-1975), the period of confusion (1975-1982), the period of decline (1982-1986), and the period of relaxation (after 1986). In these days, Tanzania has been faced with the dilemma of enhancing its national language, Swahili, as a marker of national pride, identity and cohesion, while also promoting the continuos use of English in educational institutions for pragmatic reasons. Hence, the development process of the language policy in Tanzania is characterized by words like confusion, contradiction, and ambiguity. In my view, the reasons why such a phenomenon has occurred can be explained by the following two factors: (1) the difference between instrumental and symbolic attribution of language itself; and (2) the discrepancy between the ideal norm and real behavior of individual speakers. The discussion on language ideology is very important, since it has not just linguistic but also social implications. It is evident that language is by no means neutral and is in favor of the dominant group of a society. There is also no doubt that language as a cultural capital reveals the social identity of speakers, which inevitably accompanies inequality. That is to say, linguistic hierarchy lies in an inseparable relation with social hierarchy one another. The case of Tanzania is also not exceptional.

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