제임스 웰치의 『풀스 크로우』에 나타난 탈식민화 전략과 통문화적 가치
Strategies for Decolonization and Transcultural Values in James Welch’s Fools Crow
0
조회
0
다운로드
0
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
James Welch’s Fools Crow is a counter narrative that interrogates the oppressive colonialist power which attempts to exterminate Blackfeet Indians and annihilate their traditions through massacres, deceptive treaties, and imposition of agriculture, farming and ranching, which were alien to them. For Welch, what is more devastating to the Blackfeet beside the external violence is the results of internal colonization characterized by despair, impotent feeling, and self-depreciation. Regaining the confidence and pride as the Blackfeet plays an essential role in the decolonization process. Traditional values and stories, and lives and ceremonies are the essential means to restore the tribal identity and pride. However, it should be noted that the ultimate aim of his decolonization does not lie in negating every trace of the violent colonialist history but in transforming its legacy into a story of survivance. Tribalism is an effective means to start the decolonization process but not an end in itself; it should not be viewed as an exclusive one. His efforts to overcome colonialism does not concentrate on the negation of the colonial past, which has already become an undeniable part of Blackfeet history. The remembrance of the tribal traditions and life styles in a certain period is an important step in Welch’s decolonization and self-appreciation process. Yet, the traditions he tries to remember are not static and trapped in a certain period of the past but dynamic and fluid; they change and progress with exchanges and hybridization between different cultures. Welch’s transcultural tribalism works as a necessary step to free the Blackfeet from the shackles of internal colonization and regain the tribal honor and pride, which will eventually make it possible for them to coexist with Whites on an equal status without being degraded to a mere adjunct to White American history.
Abstract
James Welch’s Fools Crow is a counter narrative that interrogates the oppressive colonialist power which attempts to exterminate Blackfeet Indians and annihilate their traditions through massacres, deceptive treaties, and imposition of agriculture, farming and ranching, which were alien to them. For Welch, what is more devastating to the Blackfeet beside the external violence is the results of internal colonization characterized by despair, impotent feeling, and self-depreciation. Regaining the confidence and pride as the Blackfeet plays an essential role in the decolonization process. Traditional values and stories, and lives and ceremonies are the essential means to restore the tribal identity and pride. However, it should be noted that the ultimate aim of his decolonization does not lie in negating every trace of the violent colonialist history but in transforming its legacy into a story of survivance. Tribalism is an effective means to start the decolonization process but not an end in itself; it should not be viewed as an exclusive one. His efforts to overcome colonialism does not concentrate on the negation of the colonial past, which has already become an undeniable part of Blackfeet history. The remembrance of the tribal traditions and life styles in a certain period is an important step in Welch’s decolonization and self-appreciation process. Yet, the traditions he tries to remember are not static and trapped in a certain period of the past but dynamic and fluid; they change and progress with exchanges and hybridization between different cultures. Welch’s transcultural tribalism works as a necessary step to free the Blackfeet from the shackles of internal colonization and regain the tribal honor and pride, which will eventually make it possible for them to coexist with Whites on an equal status without being degraded to a mere adjunct to White American history.
참고문헌 (22)
- Achebe, Chinua, "Morning Yet on Creation Day" (1975), Doubleday
- o, Mexican Immigrant, and Native American Struggles for Self-Representation, "Disrupting Savagism: Intersecting Chicana", pp.2001, Aldama, Arturo J.
- Arden, Harvey, "Noble Red Man: Lakota Wisdomkeeper Mathew King" (1994), Beyond Words
- Ashcroft, Bill, "The Empire Writes Back: Theory and Practice in Post-Colonial Literatures" (1989), Routledge
- Burlingame, Lori, "Empowerment Through ‘Retroactive Prophecy’ in D’arcy McNickle’s Runner in the Sun: A Story of Indian Maize, James Welch’s Fools Crow, and Leslie Marmon Silko’s Ceremony", American Indian Quarterly, 24(1), pp.1~18 (2000)
- Churchill, Ward, "The State of Native America: Genocide, Colonization and Resistance", pp.139~188 (1992), South End P
- Coltelli, Laura, "Winged Words: American Indian Writers Speak" (1990), U of Nebraska P
- Greenblatt, Stephen, "Marvelous Possessions: The Wonder of the New World" (1992), U of Chicago P
- Huang, Hsinya, "Writing Fever, Writing Trauma: Tropical Disease and Tribal Medicine-The Columbian Exchange in Leslie Marmon Silko's Almanac of the Dead and Gardens in the Dunes", Tamkang Review, 35(3-4), pp.155~205 (2005)
- Krupat, Arnold, "Etnocriticism: Ethnography, History, Literature" (1992), U of California P
- Lincoln, Kenneth, "Back-Tracking James Welch", MELUS, 6(1), pp.23~40 (1979)
- Norton, Hana Samek, "Encyclopedia of the Great Plains Indians", pp.40~42 (2007), U of Nebraska P
- Orlandini, Roberta, "Variations on a Theme: Traditions and Temporal Structure in the Novels of James Welch", South Dakota Review, 26(3), pp.37~52 (1988)
- Owens, Louis, "Other Destinies: Understanding the American Indian Novel" (1992), U of Oklahoma P
- Robbins, Kenn., "A Conversation with James Welch", South Dakota Review, 28(1), pp.103~110 (1990)
- Silko, Leslie Marmon, "Ceremony" (1977), Penguin
- Stannard, David E., "American Holocaust: The Conquest of the New World" (1992), Oxford UP
- Stromberg, Ernest, "American Indian Rhetorics of Survivance" (2006), U of Pittsburgh P
- Welch, James, "Fools Crow" (1986), Penguin
- Welch, James., "Killing Custer: The Battle of Little Bighorn and the Fate of the Plains Indians" (1994), Norton
- Welch, James, "Riding the Earthboy 40" (2004), Penguin
- Wishart, David J., "Encyclopedia of the Great Plains Indians", pp.207~208 (2007), U of Nebraska P