琉球 한문학의 시대별 특징

Abstract

It’s uncertain when Chinese letters were introduced to Yugu and when Chinese classics was established in the kingdom. However, many researchers point to around the 14th century at the earliest. According to them, Chinese letters were introduced to Yugu around 1372 when Chaldo(察度) as king Jungsan of the kingdom received a state message saying the intent to establish diplomatic relationships from emperor Hongwu of the Ming dynasty via Cho-yu(招諭). Since then, works of Chinese classics were increasingly created in Yugu. Behind the establishment of Chinese classics in Yugu were two genealogical lines, ‘Osanseung(五山僧)’ and ‘Manin Samsipyukseong(閩人三十六姓)’. Of the two lines, the former was formed and succeeded by both Japanese Buddhist monks who moved from the five major temples of the mainland Japan to Yugu and Yugu’s Buddhist monks who moved to the mainland for studying, and developed mainly at Buddhist temples. While, the latter line was formed and succeeded by residents of the Kume village that people from 36 family clans of the Fujian province, China formed as they immigrated to Yugu. Chinese classics and Confucian became prevalent intentionally by the Satsuma region of the mainland Japan since 1609 when it invaded the kingdom. Overall, Yugu had three different times of Chinese classics. First, the 1st Sang Dynasty period(the 14th century–1469) when Chinese classics was formed in the kingdom. At that time, the mainstream of the classics was immigrants and drifters’ diplomatic documents or their writings inscribed in bells. Second, the period(1470–1608) from the 2nd Sang Dynasty’s reign to invasion by the Satsuma region of the mainland Japan was when Chinese classics was developed. In this period, the biggest part of the classics was Buddhist monks’ letters inscribed in tombstones or bells. Third, the period(1609–1879) that lasted till the so-called Pyebeonchihyeon(廢藩置縣, 琉球處分) since invasion by the Satsuma region was when Chinese classics prospered in Yugu. At that time, a literary man of Yugu actively created Chinese classical poems and letters as Confucian ideas and Sung-Confucianism were introduced to the kingdom.