아프리카계 미국사회의 반공동체 의식에 대한 토니 모리슨의 비판적 시각
Toni Morrison’s Critical Perspectives of African Americans’ Anti-Communalism
0
조회
0
다운로드
3
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
This study discusses Toni Morrison's critical perspectives on African Americans' anti-communalism in Song of Solomon, Sula, and Paradise. Morrison shows that materialism and paternalism, egotistic individualism, sexual exclusivism, and racial-sexual chauvinism in the black community serve as abusive obstacles to the founding and maintenance of community based on love, obstacles to the fraternal love of community, and obstacles to the love for fellow human beings. In Song of Solomon, Morrison’s perspective puts her critical focus on the patriarchal violence of Macon Dead who oppresses his family members and on his capitalistic materialism that extorts rent from his poor tenants. In Sula, Morrison’s critical focus is not only on Sula’s self-centered individualism that destroys family hierarchy and community rules but also on the community that denies Sula’s essence and dishonors her. Morrison shows that both Sula and the community go astray from African American communalism, and that each destroys the other. In Paradise, her critical focus is on the community that defines itself by disdain for racial-sexual others and by acts of violence against them. She argues that the community has copied the whites' capitalistic values, paternalism, sexual exclusivism, and racial chauvinism. She shows that the copied society doesn't share other genders’, classes’, races' identities and consciousness with its racial community. Finally, through her critical perspectives, Morrison stresses that African Americans should form and maintain communities where people understand each other and accept racial, cultural, sexual differences. More specifically, her ideal communalism means that all people, no matter what their racial, sexual, and/or cultural backgrounds may be, have their unique identities, and should be accepted in the equilibrium of multiple subjectivities.
Abstract
This study discusses Toni Morrison's critical perspectives on African Americans' anti-communalism in Song of Solomon, Sula, and Paradise. Morrison shows that materialism and paternalism, egotistic individualism, sexual exclusivism, and racial-sexual chauvinism in the black community serve as abusive obstacles to the founding and maintenance of community based on love, obstacles to the fraternal love of community, and obstacles to the love for fellow human beings. In Song of Solomon, Morrison’s perspective puts her critical focus on the patriarchal violence of Macon Dead who oppresses his family members and on his capitalistic materialism that extorts rent from his poor tenants. In Sula, Morrison’s critical focus is not only on Sula’s self-centered individualism that destroys family hierarchy and community rules but also on the community that denies Sula’s essence and dishonors her. Morrison shows that both Sula and the community go astray from African American communalism, and that each destroys the other. In Paradise, her critical focus is on the community that defines itself by disdain for racial-sexual others and by acts of violence against them. She argues that the community has copied the whites' capitalistic values, paternalism, sexual exclusivism, and racial chauvinism. She shows that the copied society doesn't share other genders’, classes’, races' identities and consciousness with its racial community. Finally, through her critical perspectives, Morrison stresses that African Americans should form and maintain communities where people understand each other and accept racial, cultural, sexual differences. More specifically, her ideal communalism means that all people, no matter what their racial, sexual, and/or cultural backgrounds may be, have their unique identities, and should be accepted in the equilibrium of multiple subjectivities.
참고문헌 (31)
- Bhabha, Homi K, "The Location of Culture" (1994), Routledge
- Christian, Barbara, "Black Feminist Criticism: Perspectives on Black Women Writers" (1985), Pergamon P
- Davidson, Rob, "Racial Stock and 8-Rocks: Communal Historiography in Toni Morrison's Paradise", Twentieth-Century Literature, 47(3), pp.355~373 (2001)
- Dowling, Colette, "Conversation with Toni Morrison", pp.48~59, Danille Taylor-Guthrie
- Gallego, Mar, "The Cambridge Companion to Toni Morrison", pp.92~100 (2007), Cambridge UP
- Gauthier, Marni, "The Other Side of Paradise: Toni Morrison’s (Un)Making of Mythic History", African American Review, 39(3), pp.395~414 (2005)
- Heinze, Denise, "The Dilemma of “Double-Consciousness”: Toni Morrison’s Novels" (1993), U of Georgia P
- Higgins, Therese E, "Religiosity, Cosmology, and Folklore: The African Influence in the Novels of Toni Morrison" (2001), Routledge
- Jennings, Delois La Vinia, "Toni Morrison and the Idea of Africa" (2008), Cambridge UP
- Koenen, Anne, "Conversations with Toni Morrison", pp.67~83, Danille Taylor-Guthrie
- Leclair, Thomas, "Conversations with Toni Morrison", pp.119~128 (1994), UP of Mississippi
- Lee, Dorothy H, "Black Women Writers", pp.346~360 (1984), Doubleday
- LeSeur, Geta, "Moving Beyond the Boundaries of Self Community, and the Other in Toni Morrison’s Sula and Paradise", CLA Journal, XLVI(1), pp.1~20 (2002)
- Mbiti S, John, "African Religions and Philosophy" (1999), Heinemann
- McDowell, Deborah E, "Critical Essays on Toni Morrison", pp.9~17 (1988), Hall
- Morrison, Toni, "Paradise" (1999), Plume
- Morrison, Toni, "Black Women Writers (1950-1980): A Critical Evaluation", pp.339~345 (1984), Anchor-Doubleday
- Morrison, Toni, "Sula" (1982), Bantam
- Morrison, Toni, "The Bluest Eye" (1972), Washington Square P
- Morrison, Toni, "Harold Bloom" (1990), Chelsea
- Otten, Terry, "The Crime Of Innocence In The Fiction Of Toni Morrison" (1989), U of Missouri P
- Peach, Linden, "Toni Morrison" (1995), MaCmillan
- Pinckney, Darryl, "Hate", The New York Review of Books, 50(19), pp.18~21 (2003)
- Romero, Chanette, "Creating the Beloved Community: Religion, Race, and Nation in Toni Morrison’s Paradise", African American Review, 39(3), pp.415~430 (2005)
- Salvatore T, Anne, "Toni Morrison’s New Bildungsroman: Paired Characters and Antithetical Form in The Bluest Eye, Sula, and Beloved", Journal of Narrative Theory, 32(2), pp.154~178 (2002)
- Samuels, Wilfred D, "Toni Morrison" (1990), Twayne
- Stepto, Robert, "Conversations with Toni Morrison", pp.10~29, Danille Taylor-Guthrie
- Strehle, Susan, "Am a Thing Apart: Toni Morrison, A Mercy, and American Exceptionalism", Critique: Studies in Contemporary Fiction, 54(2), pp.109~123 (2013)
- Syri, Elina, "Gender Roles and Trauma in Toni Morrison’s Paradise", Moderna Sprak, 99(2), pp.143~154 (2005)
- Taylor-Guthrie, Danille, "Conversations with Toni Morrison", pp.119~128 (1994), UP of Mississippi
- Wright, Richard, "Black Power" (1954), Harper