미국 주택바우처 제도의 역사적 경험과 정책적 함의
Review of U.S. Housing Choice Voucher Program as Tenant-Based Housing Subsidy - Historical Experiences and Policy Implications -
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본 연구의 목적은 미국 주택바우처 제도의 역사적 전개과정과 정책적 시사점을 규명하는 것이다. 이는 현재 국내에서 도입 준비 중인 주택바우처 제도가 미국을 벤치마킹하고 있다는 점에서 도입시 무엇을 고려해야 할 것인지에 대한 유의미한 정보를 제공해 줄 수 있다. 1970년 EHAP(Experimental Housing Assiatance Program)을 거쳐 1974년 본격화된 발주택바우처에 대한 정책적 평가는 상당히 긍정적이다. 이는 저소득층의 주거비 부담 완화, 빈곤 집중 완화, 주거선택과 이동성 강화, 그리고 무엇보다 신규 건설에 따른 정부의 재정적 부담을 줄이는 비용효과적이라는 점에서 그러하다. 그러나 임대료 상승에 따라 지역별 공정임대료 기준하에서 양질의 주택을 찾기 어려워 주택바우처 지원대상자가 되더라도 실제 지원을 받는 확률이 점차 낮아지고 있다는 점, 재정 과부하, 수급권이 아닌 재정 할당방식 적용에 따른 많은 대기자 양산, 비효율적인 행정, 공공임대주택의 재고 증가없이 주택바우처에만 의존함에 따른 주거지원에 대한 need의 심각한 결핍, 그에 따른 주거 지원의 사각지대 심화 등의 문제점이 지적되고 있다. 국내 주택바우처 제도는 미국의 역사적 경험과 실증 적용 결과를 토대로 지원기준의 구체화, 주택시장 파급효과, 적정 도입시기 등을 정해야 할 것이다. 무엇보다 공공임대주택과 주택바우처간의 policy mix를 어떻게 배합하여 실질적으로 민간 전월세에 거주하면서 임대료 과부담을 겪고 있는 저소득층의 주거안정에 도움을 줄 것인가에 관심이 중요하다 하겠다.
Abstract
This paper studies historical experiences and policy implications of the US Housing Choice Voucher Program as tenant-based housing subsidy. Korea plans to implement a similar program soon and this may provide some meaningful feedback. Begun in 1970 as EHAP (Experimental Housing Assistance Program), the voucher program has been judged very effective. It is cost-effective in many ways such as lower housing costs for low income households, easing concentration of poverty, enforcement of housing choice and movement, and most of all relieving the government's financial burden to build new homes. However, rising rent prices have made it more difficult for those in the voucher program to find quality housing. Other problems that have surfaced are long waiting lists, serious shortage of needs owing to sole dependence on housing vouchers for support without increase in supply of public rental housing, and greater number of people left in the blind zone without support as a result of problems ensuing the voucher program. Korea should give further consideration to specific standards for supports, spin-off effects, proper timing for adoption, and policy mix between public rental housing and housing vouchers in order to bring greatest benefits to people actually in need.
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