본문 바로가기
KERD
논문KCI 등재

무허가 정착지 정책과 국가 역할: 서울, 홍콩, 싱가포르의 경험을 중심으로

Squatter Settlement Policies and the Role of the State: From the Experience of Seoul, Hong Kong and Singapore

김수현
한국주택학회 (Korean Association For Housing Policy Studies)|2011.02|주택연구 (Housing Studies)|제19권 제1호|pp. 35-61

0

조회

0

다운로드

18

인용

0

참고문헌

키워드

Seoul홍콩Hong Kong서울공공주택Singapore공공임대주택싱가포르role of the state무허가 정착지저렴주거squatter settlementlow-cost housing

초록

무허가 정착지는 개발도상국 주택문제의 상징이라고 할 수 있다. 불량한 주거환경, 불법적인 상태에 따른 철거위협, 빈곤층 밀집 등 다양한 문제를 겪고 있다. 그러나 무허가 정착지는 이들 개발도상국에서 저렴주거 제공을 통한 저렴노동력 확보라는 차원에서 의의가 있다. 서울, 홍콩, 싱가포르의 무허가 정착지 정책은 각기 다른 경로를 거쳤다. 서울의 경우 묵인-철거-재정착-자조주택 등 일반적으로 개발도상국가가 경험한 단계를 모두 거친 다음, 1980년대 상업적 재개발사업을 통해 해체되었다. 반면 홍콩과 싱가포르는 1960년대 초 본격적인 경제개발에 들어가면서, 무허가 정착지를 공공주택으로 대체하는 정책을 적극적으로 추진했다. 다만 홍콩은 중국과의 관계로 인해 비교적 늦은 시기인 1980년대 중반까지 무허가 정착지가 존속했다는 차이가 있다. 이들 국가의 경험을 통해 볼 때, 각국의 무허가 정착지 정책은 저렴노동력 확보를 위해 필수적인 저렴주거지를 제공하는 가운데, ①도시빈곤층의 사회불안을 방지하고 포섭하려는 측면인 <국가의 정당화 기능>과 ②무허가 정착지 자체가 도시공간 개발 대상이 되는 <자본 축적지원 기능>이 복합적으로 작용한다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

Abstract

This paper tries to compare the experiences of squatter settlements in Seoul, Hong Kong and Singapore. Seoul has trod the full range of squatter policies found in the ordinary developing countries; squatter connivance, squatter clearance and forced migration, extension of tenure security and physical upgrading, commercial redevelopment project and provision of alternative public housing. Different to Seoul, Hong Kong and Singapore have changed squatter settlements to public housing effectively from their early economic development stages. Hong Kong, however, took longer time as it has special relationship with China. From the experiences of the three big cities, this paper frames its explanation through the concept of the dual role of the state; accumulation support and social legitimization. According to this concept, the state utilizes squatter settlements to provide cheap residences for a low-income urban labor force but at the same time, supports capital accumulation through development of the squats. Due to these two conflicting roles, squatting policies appear in various forms such as connivance, eviction, relocation, local improvement, and commercial redevelopment. The underlying logic in the variation of squatter policies is that low-cost housing is essential at any time, at any form.

참고문헌 (69)

  1. 김광중, "서울시 주택개량 재개발 연혁 연구" (1996), 서울시정개발연구원
  2. 김수현, "도시빈민운동, In 한국민주화운동사 3", pp.838~369 (2010), 돌베개
  3. 김수현, "우리나라 공공임대주택의 성격과 서울시 장기전세주택 - Harloe와 Kemeny의 논의를 중심으로 -", 한국사회정책, 17(3), pp.123~152 (2010), 한국사회정책학회
  4. 김수현, "한국 공공임대주택 정책의 전개과정", 박사, pp.1996
  5. 김수현, "철거민이 본 철거" (1998), 한국도시연구소
  6. 김형국, "불량촌과 재개발" (1998), 나남
  7. 불량주택지역 주민실태조사 보고서, "대한주택공사", ~ (1993)
  8. 손정목, "서울 도시계획 이야기" (2003), 한울
  9. 장성수, "주택재개발사업 제도 변천에 관한 연구(I)", 주택포럼, (1), pp.85~93 (2001), 한국주택산업연구원
  10. 장세훈, "도시화,국가 그리고 도시빈민, In 불량촌과 재개발", pp.231~303 (1998), 나남
  11. 홍세광, "공영개발 과정에 있어서 주민참여에 관한 연구:서울 목동지구 개발사례를 중심으로", 석사, pp.1985
  12. Aldrich, B, "The Global Context of Housing Poverty, In Housing the Poor: Policy and Practice in Developing Countries" (1995), Zed Books
  13. Bredenoord, J, "Equal Access to Housing", Habitat International, 34(3), pp.273~366 (2010)
  14. Burgess, R., "Self Help Housing Advocacy, In Self Help Housing: A Critique" (1982), Mansell
  15. Castells, M., "The Shek Kip Mei Syndrome : Economic Development and Public Housing in Hong Kong and Singapore" (1990), Pion
  16. Cheema, G.S., "Urban Shelter and Services: Public Policies and Management Approaches" (1987), Praeger
  17. Chiu,R.L.H, "Planning,land and affordable housing in Hong Kong", Housing Studies, 22(1), pp.63~81 (2007)
  18. Chiu,R.L.H, "Government intervention in housing:Convergence and divergence of the Asian Dragons", Urban Policy and Research, 26(3), pp.249~269 (2008)
  19. Davis,M, "Planet of Slums" (2006), Verso
  20. Delang C. O, "Public housing and poverty concentration in urban neighborhoods:The case of Hong Kong in the 1990s", Urban Studies, 47(7), pp.1391~1413 (2010)
  21. Doling,J, "Housing policies and the little Tigers:How do they compare with other industrialised countries", Housing Studies, 14(2), pp.229~250 (1999)
  22. Eke,E.F, "Changing views on urbanisation,migration and squatters", Habitat International, 6(1), pp.143~163 (1982)
  23. Field, B, "Housing stress and the role of the state", Habitat International, 13(3), pp.125~138 (1989)
  24. Harris, R, "Housing and economic development:The evolution of an idea since 1945", Habitat International, 30, pp.1007~1017 (2006)
  25. Ho,M.H.C, "Privatization of public housing in Hong Kong:a genuine agenda or propaganda", Habitat International, 28, pp.481~494 (2004)
  26. Hui,E.C.M, "Willingness to pay for better housing in Hong Kong:Theory and Evidence(of Dwelling Space)", Urban Studies, 36(2), pp.289~304 (1999)
  27. Johnson JR,T.E, "Upward filtering of housing stock:A study of upward filtering of housing stock as a consequence of informal settlement upgrading in developing countries", Habitat International, 11(1), pp.173~190 (1987)
  28. Kim,S.-H, "Issues of squatters and eviction in Seoul: From the perspectives of the dual roles of the state", City, 1(3), pp.135~143 (2010), Elsevier Limited
  29. Kool, M. D, "Squatter settlement improvement and displacement:A review of concepts,theory and comparative evidence", Habitat International, 13(3), pp.187~199 (1989)
  30. La Grange,A, "Privatising public housing in Hong Kong:Its impact on equity", Housing Studies, 13(4), pp.507~525 (1998)
  31. La Grange,A, "Privatizing public housing in the welfare regime of a Tiger Economy:a case study of Hong Kong", Housing, Theory and Society, 16, pp.17~30 (1999)
  32. La Grange, A, "Private rental housing in Hong Kong", Housing Studies, 17(5), pp.721~740 (2002)
  33. La Grange A, "Shifts along the decommodification-commodification continuum:Housing delivery and state accumulation in Hong Kong", Urban Studies, 42(13), pp.2471~2488 (2005)
  34. La Grange, A, "Aging in a tiger welfare regime:The single elderly in Hong King", Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology, 16, pp.257~281 (2001)
  35. Lee,J, "Productivism,developmentalism and the shaping of urban order:Integrating public housing and social security in Singapore", Urban Policy and Research, 26(3), pp.271~282 (2008)
  36. Lee, J, "Public housing and family life in East Asia:Housing history and social change in Hong Kong,1953-1990", Journal of Family and History, 31(1), pp.66~82 (2006)
  37. Lim,W.S.W, "A tale of the unexpected:The Singapore housing experience", Habitat International, 12(2), pp.27~34 (1988)
  38. Loh,K.S, "Black Areas:Urban kampongs and power relations in post-war Singapore historiography", Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia, 22(1), pp.1~29 (2007)
  39. Loh,K.S, "Conflict and change at the margins:Emergency Kampong clearance and the making of modern Singapore", Asian Studies Review, 33, pp.139~159 (2009)
  40. MacDonald,L, "Spontaneous urban settlement", Habitat International, 3(1), pp.107~111 (1978)
  41. Mackay,C.J, "Housing management and the comprehensive housing model in Hong Kong:a case study of colonial influence", Journal of Contemporary China, 9(25), pp.449~466 (2000)
  42. Mathéy,K, "Beyond Self-Help Housing" (1992), ProfileVerlag
  43. Mobrand,E, "Struggle over unlicensed housing in Seoul,1960-1980", Urban Studies, 45(2), pp.367~389 (2008)
  44. Neuwirth,R, "Shadow Cities:A Billion Squatters,A New Urban World" (2006), Routledge
  45. Neuwirth, R., "Squatters and the cities of tomorrow", Cities, 11(1), pp.71~80 (2007)
  46. Park,B.-G, "Where do tigers sleep at night? The state's role in housing policy in South Korea and Singapore", Economic Geography, 74(3), pp.272~288 (1998)
  47. Phang,S.-Y, "Housing Policy,Wealth formation and the Singapore Economy", Housing Studies, 16(4), pp.443~459 (2001)
  48. Pugh, C., "The Role of the World Bank in Housing, In Housing the Poor: Policy and Practice in Developing Countries" (1995), Zed Books
  49. Pugh,C, "Squatter settlements:Their sustainability,architectural contributions,and socio-economic roles", Cities, 17(5), pp.325~337 (2000)
  50. Sim, L. L., "Shelter for all:Singapore's strategy for full homeownership by the year 2000", Habitat International, 17(1), pp.85~102 (1993)
  51. Sim, L. L., "Public housing and ethnic integration in Singapore", Habitat International, 27, pp.293~307 (2003)
  52. Smart, A., "Hong Kong's Slums and Squatter Areas : A Developmental Perspective, In Housing the Poor: Policy and Practice in Developing Countries" (1995), Zed Books
  53. Smart,A, "Agents of eviction:The squatter control and clearance division of Hong Kong's Housing Department", Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography, 23(3), pp.333~347 (2002)
  54. Smart,A, "Impeded self-help:toleration and the proscription of housing consolidation in Hong Kong's squatter areas", Habitat International, 27, pp.205~225 (2003)
  55. Smart, A., "The Shek Kip Mei Myth : Squatters, Fires and Colonial Rule in Hong Kong, 1950-1963" (2006), Univ. of Hong Kong Press
  56. Tanasescu, A., "Tops and bottoms:state tolerance of illegal housing in Hong Kong and Calgary", Habitat International, 34, pp.478~484 (2010)
  57. Tu,Y, "Public homeownership,housing finance and socioeconomic development in Singapore", RURDS, 11(2), pp.100~113 (1999)
  58. Turner,J, "Housing by the People" (1976), Marion Boyer
  59. Vasoo, S, "Singapore:social development,housing and the Central Provident Fund", International Journal of Social Welfare, 10, pp.276~283 (2001)
  60. Wai,C.L, "The formation of squatters and slums in Hong Kong:From slump market to boom market", Habitat International, 9(3), pp.251~260 (1985)
  61. Wong,T.-C, "The transformation of Singapore's central area:from slums to a global business hub", Planning Practice and Research, 16(2), pp.155~170 (2001)
  62. Yuen,B, "Squatters No More:Singapore Social Housing", Proceedings,Third Urban Research Symposium:Land Development (2005), Urban Policy and Poverty Reduction
  63. Yung,B, "An interplay between Western and Confucian concepts of justice:Development of Hong Kong housing policy", Housing, Theory and Society, 24(2), pp.111~132 (2007)

관련 논문AI추천

대도시의 새로운 불법(편법)주거를 어떻게 볼 것인가? - 저렴주거를 둘러싼 규제와 묵인의 역학 -김수현, 이선화서울연구원 · 서울도시연구2013 · 제14권 제4호한국 주택체제의 성격과 변화 동아시아 발전주의 국가의 특성을 중심으로김수현, 이석희한국공간환경학회 · 공간과 사회2014 · 제24권 제2호싱가포르의 주택정책과 주택공급체계이현정, 진미윤국토연구원 · 국토연구2005 · 제47권 Policies on Urban Squatter Areas in Korea: Linitations and Future DirectionsSoon-SukBae한국주택학회 · 주택연구2002 · 제10권 제1호도시에서의 재건축 수행방식에 대한 소고양승철한국공간환경학회 · 공간과 사회2020 · 제30권 제4호Theoretical Reflections on the Korean Housing System: Focusing on the 1960s to 1990sYeon-Taek Ryu한국도시지리학회 · 한국도시지리학회지2025 · 제28권 제2호

이 간행물의 다른 논문 (5건)

부동산 가격 불균형의 동태적 결정요인: 외환위기 전후 무엇이 달라졌는가?김윤영pp. 5-34한국 아파트 수익률의 분산분해분석 및 장기 예측가능성에 관한 실증 분석정동준pp. 63-96가구특성에 따른 주거입지 및 주거이동의향에 관한 연구: 울산광역시 사례연구김재익pp. 97-115주택재개발사업 추진단계별 갈등분류와 갈등관리이영환, 박윤재, 김성연pp. 117-138Examining Inequality in Housing Allocation and Housing Affordability: Evidence from Seoul in Korea하성규, 이진경pp. 139-157
원문 보기