주택바우처를 통한 저소득층 및 소수인종의 공간적 분산효과: 미국의 클리블랜드 대도시권의 사례를 중심으로
Poverty Deconcentration and Minority Desegregation through Housing Choice Voucher Program
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초록
저소득층의 주거비 경감을 위한 프로그램으로 미국에서 실시되고 있는 주택바우처 프로그램(Housing Choice Voucher Program)은 공공임대주택의 집단 건설로 인한 문제점을 해결하기 위하여 시작되었다. 공공임대주택이 부유하지 않은 도심지역에 공간적으로 입지함으로써, 저소득층 및 소수인종이 밀집과 각종 사회문제 및 주거지 쇠락의 원인이 됨을 시정하고자 하는 의도를 갖고 있었다. 본 연구에서는 주택바우처 프로그램이 저소득층 및 소수인종의 공간적 분산에 어느 정도 기여했는지 파악하기 위하여 참여자들의 공간 패턴을 분석하였다. 2005년부터 2009년 사이 미국의 클리블랜드 대도시권의 바우처 소지자들의 입지변화를 공간분석기법을 사용하여 분석한 결과, 프로그램의 목표 달성에 긍정적인 기여를 하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 물론 공간적 집중이 목격되었으나, 시간의 경과에 따라 점차 교외지역으로 확산하고 있음을 확인할 수 있었다.
Abstract
Housing Choice Voucher Program is the single largest housing subsidy program in the United States with the goal of poverty deconcentration and minority desegregation. This study aims to identify the presence and locations of voucher holders' spatial concentration in Cleveland, OH from 2005 to 2009. Cleveland is the place that needs the program to promote racial and economic integration in the neighborhood level since Cleveland has been recognized as a highly segregated area in the country. Analyzing voucher recipients' information from Cuyahoga Metropolitan Housing Authority, this study found meaningful results for the voucher program performances. Hotspot analysis indicated that location patterns of voucher holders did not show even distribution over the study area. Voucher holders have clustered together and their concentrations have changed during the five years. Results from the study presented the limited potential of the voucher program since voucher holders were still clustered in specific neighborhoods; at the same time, they tended to move less poor and white dominant neighborhoods over time.
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