16세기 전후 한중일 원림(園林: 庭園) 조영 (造營)의 미학적 성격 비교 - 시각화 그래프를 통한 네트워크 분석을 중심으로 -

Abstract

The gardens of China, Korea, and Japan, each with their unique aesthetic essence and characteristics, share both similarities and differences. Analyzing the interrelationship among the representative 16th-century gardens—Soswaewŏn (소쇄원), Zhuozhengyuan (拙政園), and the rock garden of Ryoanji (龍安寺 石庭)—reveals the following features. First, Soswaewŏn exemplifies naturalism, centering on ‘Wonsansu’ (原山水, the preservation and use of natural landscapes in their original form). Second, Zhuozhengyuan shares almost equal elements with both Soswaewŏn and the Ryoanji rock garden. It has strong ties with Soswaewŏn in terms of creating natural landscapes, while it is closely related to the Ryoanji rock garden in expressing artificial beauty through garden design. Third, the Ryoanji rock garden shows a significant connection with ‘Karesansui’ (枯山水, a landscape created with inanimate elements that symbolizes serenity) and Zen Buddhism. If ‘Karesansui’ represents the signifier, Zen Buddhism can be seen as the signified. Fourth, Zhuozhengyuan shares certain compositional elements with Soswaewŏn but is more closely related to the Ryoanji rock garden in terms of garden design. Fifth, although both Zhuozhengyuan and the Ryoanji rock garden display artificial beauty in their designs, they each express radically different forms, with Zhuozhengyuan embodying ‘Jiashanshui’ (假山水, a landscape created through artificial imitation of nature), while the Ryoanji rock garden represents ‘Karesansui.’ The signified meaning of ‘Jiashanshui’ is nature, whereas the signified meaning of ‘Karesansui’ is the Zen Buddhist concept of enlightenment. Lastly, except for a few Zen aesthetic concepts such as jiangu (簡古, simplicity) and pingdan (平淡, plainness), there is little correlation between Soswaewŏn and the Ryoanji rock garden in broader terms.