본문 바로가기
KERD
논문KCI 등재

Fallacious Gender Differences on the Projective Drawing Test for Assessment of Emotional Behavioral Problems among Elementary School Children

0

조회

0

다운로드

0

인용

0

참고문헌

키워드

주제분류심리과학

초록

This study utilized projective drawing tests to identify whether the gender difference on a projective drawing test reflects actual differences of their psychological conditions between boys and girls. Despite their lack of objective scoring criteria, drawing tests have revealed that boys are more problematic both emotionally and behaviorally than girls. In this study, gender differences were examined via the Emotional-Behavioral Drawing Test. Six evaluators score the psychological conditions of 172 elementary school children. Positive automatic thought and emotional reactivity were measured as covariates. Results indicated there were statistically significant gender differences in drawing scores, but there were no significant effects of covariates. Given these results, it is plausible that no significant differences in psychological conditions existed between genders, even though boys may draw more psychologically problematic drawings than girls. It is suggested to apply gender criterion to score all types of drawing tests because boys and girls are different in drawings and expressing emotions.

Abstract

This study utilized projective drawing tests to identify whether the gender difference on a projective drawing test reflects actual differences of their psychological conditions between boys and girls. Despite their lack of objective scoring criteria, drawing tests have revealed that boys are more problematic both emotionally and behaviorally than girls. In this study, gender differences were examined via the Emotional-Behavioral Drawing Test. Six evaluators score the psychological conditions of 172 elementary school children. Positive automatic thought and emotional reactivity were measured as covariates. Results indicated there were statistically significant gender differences in drawing scores, but there were no significant effects of covariates. Given these results, it is plausible that no significant differences in psychological conditions existed between genders, even though boys may draw more psychologically problematic drawings than girls. It is suggested to apply gender criterion to score all types of drawing tests because boys and girls are different in drawings and expressing emotions.

참고문헌 (72)

  1. 4-18, YSR, and TRF Profiles, "Integrative Guide for the 1991 CBCL", pp.1991, Achenbach, T. M.
  2. Alter-Muri, S. B., "Gender typicality in children’s art development : A cross-cultural study", The Arts in Psychotherapy, 41(2), pp.155~162 (2014)
  3. Arteche, A., "Maternal affective disorder and children’s representation of their families", Journal of Child and Family Studies, 20(6), pp.822~832 (2011)
  4. Baer, J., "Gender differences in creativity", The Journal of Creative Behavior, 42(2), pp.75~105 (2008)
  5. Betts, D. J., "Art therapy assessments and rating instruments : Do they measure up?", The Arts in Psychotherapy, 33(5), pp.422~434 (2006)
  6. Blakemore, J. E. O., "Gender Development" (2009), Taylor & Francis
  7. Boyatzis, C. J., "Gender differences in preschoolers’ and kindergartners’artistic production and preference", Sex Roles, 41(7-8), pp.627~638 (1999)
  8. Brechet, C., "Children’s gender stereotypes through drawings of emotional faces: Do boys draw angrier faces than girls?", Sex Roles, 68(5-6), pp.378~389 (2013)
  9. Burns, R. C., "Kinetic House-Tree-Person (KHTP) drawings: An interpretative manual" (1987), Brunner
  10. Buss, A. H., "An inventory for assessing different kinds of hostility", Journal of Consulting Psychology, 21(4), pp.343~349 (1957)
  11. Callaghan, S., "Self-concept and peer victimization among schoolchildren", Personality and Individual Differences, 18(1), pp.161~163 (1995)
  12. Carver, C. C., "You want to measure coping but your protocol’ too long : Consider the brief cope", International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 4(1), pp.92~100 (1997)
  13. Cherney, I. D., "Gender-linked differences in the toys, television shows, computer games, and outdoor activities of 5-to 13-year-old children", Sex Roles, 54(9-10), pp.717~726 (2006)
  14. Cherney, I. D., "Children’s drawings : A mirror to their minds", Educational Psychology, 26(1), pp.127~142 (2006)
  15. Cohen, B. M., "The diagnostic drawing series : A systematic approach to art therapy evaluation and research", The Arts in Psychotherapy, 15(1), pp.11~21 (1988)
  16. Cohen, J., "Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences" (1988), Erlbaum
  17. Cohn, E. S., "Gender differences in predicting delinquent behavior:Do individual differences matter?", Social Behavior and Personality, 35(3), pp.359~374 (2007)
  18. Cox, M. V., "Children’s human figure drawings in the UK and Japan : The effects of age, sex, and culture", Developmental Psychology, 19(2), pp.275~292 (2001)
  19. Drake, M., "Comparison of color meaning and content of drawings by Taiwanese & USA psychiatric patients", Journal of Taiwan Occupational Therapy Association, 12, pp.41~49 (1995)
  20. Earwood, C., "Screening for aggression using the draw a story assessment", Art Therapy, 21(3), pp.156~162 (2004)
  21. Garb, H. N., "Recommendations for training in the use of the Thematic Apperception Test(TAT)", Professional Psychology : Research and Practice, 29(6), pp.621~622 (1998)
  22. Goodenough, F. L., "Measurement of Intelligence by Drawings" (1926), World Book Co
  23. Groth-Marnat, G., "Human figure drawings and House Tree Person(KHTP)drawings as indicators of self-esteem : a quantitative approach", Journal of Clinical Psychology, 54(2), pp.219~222 (1998)
  24. APA Division 12 Presidential Task Force “Assessment for the Year 2000“Report of the Task Force”, "Grove, W. M.", American Psychological Association, Division 12 (Clinical Psychology), ~ (2000)
  25. Halpern, D. F., "A cognitive-process taxonomy for sex differences in cognitive abilities", Current Directions in Psychological Science, 13(4), pp.135~139 (2004)
  26. Harmon-Walker, G., "The bird’s nest drawing : A study of construct validity and interrater reliability", The Arts in Psychotherapy, 42, pp.1~9 (2015)
  27. Harris, D. B., "Drawing as a measure of intellectual maturity: A revision and extension of the Goodenough Draw-a-Man test" (1963), Harcourt, Brace & World
  28. Herrera, V. M., "Gender differences in the risk for delinquency among youth exposed to family violence", Child Abuse & Neglect, 25(8), pp.1037~1051 (2001)
  29. Howard, A. R. H., "Family drawings as attachment representations in a sample of postinstitutionalized adopted children", The Arts in Psychotherapy, 52, pp.63~71 (2017)
  30. Iijima, M., "Sex differences in children’s free drawings : A study on girls with congenital adrenal hyperplasia", Hormones and Behavior, 40(2), pp.99~104 (2001)
  31. Ingram, R. E., "Assessment of positive cognition", Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56(6), pp.898~902 (1988)
  32. Knoff, H. M., "Kinetic drawing system for family and school: A handbook" (1985), Western Psychological Services
  33. 구경호, "초등학생이 지각한 가족건강성이 주관적 안녕감에 미치는 영향 : 자아분화의 매개효과와 성별에 따른 조절효과", 청소년학연구, 21(6), pp.281~307 (2014), 한국청소년학회
  34. Koppitz, E. M., "Psychological evaluation of children’s human figure drawings" (1968), Grune & Stratton
  35. Kovacs, M., "Rating scales to assess depression in school-aged children", Acta Paedopsychiatrica, 46(5), pp.305~315 (1981)
  36. Krycak, R. C., "Differentiation of self, stress, and emotional support as predictors of psychological distress", Contemporary Family Therapy, 34(4), pp.495~515 (2012)
  37. Kubiszyn, T. W., "Empirical support for psychological assessment in clinical health care settings", Professional Psychology : Research and Practice, 31(2), pp.119~130 (2000)
  38. Lange-Küttner, C., "Girls in detail, boys in shape : Gender differences when drawing cubes in depth", British Journal of Psychology, 104(3), pp.413~437 (2013)
  39. Lee, C. J., "Bulling in school : Conditions and characteristics" (1999), Jipmoondang
  40. Lee, H. J., "An investigation of the relationship among paranoid tendency, self-concept, and self-awareness", The Korean Journal of Psychological Association, 6, pp.277~290 (1991)
  41. 이주영, "긍정적 사고의 평가와 활용: 한국판 긍정적 자동적 사고 질문지 (Automatic Thought Questionnaire-Positive: ATQ-P)의 표준화 연구", Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 21(3), pp.647~664 (2002), 한국임상심리학회
  42. Lilienfeld, S. O., "Projective measures of personality and psychopathology: How well do they work?", Skeptical Inquirer, 23, pp.32~39 (1999)
  43. Lilienfeld, S. O., "The scientific status of projective techniques", Psychological Science in the Public Health, 1(2), pp.27~66 (2000)
  44. 임나영, "청소년 정서행동문제 그림검사(Emotional & Behavioral Drawing Test; EBDT) 개발 및 타당화 연구", 한국예술치료학회지, 16(1), pp.1~16 (2016), 한국예술치료학회[DOI]
  45. Lim, N. Y., "Development and validation of drawing test of youth emotional behavioral problems", Doctor, pp.2014
  46. Malchiodi, C., "Breaking the silence: Art therapy with children from violent homes", pp.1990, Brunner
  47. Marzolf, S. S., "Personality traits and color choices for House-Tree-Person drawings", Journal of Clinical Psychology, 29(2), pp.240~245 (1973)
  48. Matlin, M. W., "The psychology of women", pp.2004, Thomson
  49. Mortensen, K. V., "Form and content in children’s human figure drawings: Development, sex differences, and body experience" (1991), New York University Press
  50. Naglieri, J. A., "DAP: Draw A Person, a quantitative scoring system manual" (1988), The Psychological Corporation
  51. Neale, E. L., "What can art therapists learn from the research on projective drawing techniques for children? A review of the literature", The Arts in Psychotherapy, 20(1), pp.37~49 (1993)
  52. Oh, K. J., "K-YSR Youth Self Report" (2001), Chung-ang Aptitude Publisher
  53. Palmer, L., "An investigation of the clinical use of the House-Tree-Person projective drawings in the psychological evaluation of child sexual abuse", Child Maltreatment, 5(2), pp.169~175 (2000)
  54. Park, C. H., "A validation study on DAS in the prediction of suicidal risk for adolescents", The Arts in Psychotherapy, 40(1), pp.108~114 (2013)
  55. Pianta, R. C., "Attachment-based classifications of children’s family drawings : Psychometric properties and relations with children’s adjustment in kindergarten", Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 28(2), pp.244~255 (1999)
  56. Picard, D., "Sex differences in scores on the Draw-A-Person test across childhood: Do they relate to graphic fluency?", Perceptual and Motor Skills, 120(1), pp.273~287 (2015)
  57. Picard, D., "Sex differences in expressive drawing", Personality and Individual Differences, 51(7), pp.850~855 (2011)
  58. Reynolds, C. R., "What I think and feel-a revised measure of children’s manifest anxiety", Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 6(2), pp.271~280 (1978)
  59. Ritnour, M. M., "An examination of differences between adults and adolescent controls using the Diagnostic Drawing Series", The Arts in Psychotherapy, 42, pp.63~74 (2014)
  60. Ronan, K. R., "Negative affectivity in children : Development of validation of a self-statement questionnaire", Cognitive Therapy and Research, 18(6), pp.509~528 (1994)
  61. Rothkopf, I., "Sex differences in college students’ free drawings and their relationship to 2D : 4D ratio and recalled childhood play behavior", Archives of Sexual Behavior, 43(2), pp.311~318 (2014)
  62. Schniering, C. A., "Developing and validity of a measure of children’s automatic thoughts : The children’s automatic thoughts scale", Behavior Research and Therapy, 40, pp.1091~1190 (2002)
  63. 신혜영, "부모로부터의 학대경험과 공격성 및 대인불안간의 관계:초등학교 고학년 아동을 중심으로", 한국심리학회지: 상담 및 심리치료, 15(2), pp.295~307 (2003), 한국상담심리학회
  64. Silver, R., "Sex differences in the solitary and assaultive fantasies of delinquent and non-delinquent adolescents", Adolescents, 31(123), pp.543~553 (1996)
  65. Silver, R. A., "Silver drawing test of cognition and emotion" (1983), Special Child Publications
  66. Silver, R. A., "Draw-A-Story: Screening for depression and age or gender differences" (1993), Ablin Press Distributors
  67. Silver, R. A., "Three art assessments: The Silver drawing test of cognition and emotion; Draw A Story, screening for depression; and stimulus drawings & techniques" (2002), Brunner-Routledge
  68. Skowron, E. A., "Assessing interpersonal fusion : Reliability and validity of a new DSI fusion with others subscale", Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 29(2), pp.209~222 (2003)
  69. Turgeon, S. M., "Sex differences in children’s face drawings and their relationship to 2D : 4D ratio", Personality and Individual Differences, 45, pp.527~532 (2008)
  70. Willsdon, J. A., "The child’s representation of the world" (1977), Plenum
  71. 양재원, "부정적 자동적 사고 질문지(ATQ-N)와 긍정적 자동적 사고 질문지(ATQ-P)의 타당화 연구:청소년 집단을 대상으로", Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 24(3), pp.631~646 (2005), 한국임상심리학회
  72. Zalsman, G., "Human figure drawings in the evaluation of severe adolescent suicidal behavior", American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39(8), pp.1024~1031 (2000)

관련 논문AI추천

이 간행물의 다른 논문 (12건)