周代의 明堂과 辟雍에 대한 小考

Abstract

‘Myeong-Dang(明堂 : an ancient structure where a king receives vassals’ Jo-Rye)’, which was explained in 『Mencius』, regarding King Mun(文王)’s politics, as a place where ‘a sage king demonstrates his politics(王政)’ like the spreading of ‘the love(仁) of compassion for everyone’, existed during the transition period from Shang(商) Dynasty to Zhou(周) Dynasty, but the evidences of the use of the term is not observed to have been until the Spring and Autumn Period. It’s because it was coined by the five elements thoughts(五行思想 : the theory that the five elements consisting of the whole creation in the universe, that is, wood, fire, soil, metal and water makes one another live or beats others in order) and Si-Ryeong thought(時令思想 : the thought that a king rules differently depending on 4 seasons and 12 months) during the Warring States Period. Myeong-Dang is the place for a king’s comprehensive political activities playing the role of a palace in which political orders were proclaimed, Jo-Rye(朝禮 : a formality between a king and vassals) and ancestral ritual formalities were held, supporting for retired old age(養老), and enlightenment was conducted, and is also called as Jongmyo(宗廟), Taemyo(太廟 : a shrine which a kings first ancestor used in the past, or one which is built later for the ancestral rites), Myo-Dang(廟堂 : an ancient structure inside of a Myo), Taesil(太室 : a king’s private livingroom and bedroom) and etc. Such Myeong-Dang and Jongmyo systems were not completely succeeded going through the end of the Warring States period, and only at the early stage of Han Dynasty, just its fragmentary parts were passed down through vague imagination and oral tradition while its original meanings had been lost. Accordingly, since Han(漢) Dynasty, ‘Myeong-Dang(明堂)’ had become known as the facility to proclaim political orders and hold religious and ancestral rituals, and ‘Jongmyo’ as the ancestral ritual facility for the late king, so those two became recognized as separate buildings. Pyeok-Ong(辟雍) formed around the transition period from Shang Dynasty to Zhou Dynasty is known as Hak-Goong(學宮 : a national university) that the emperor of Zhou Dynasty made built for sons of noble, but in reality, it played more diverse roles. It natural environments, where river surrounded Pyeok-Ong like 'a round jade(璧)’, makes the place look like a natural fortress. Pyeok-Ong refers to a particular village that a king resides in or a king’s ruling place at the center of the village. In Pyeok-Ong was Yeong-Dae(靈臺) established together. When what’s discussed in 『Baekhotongeui(白虎通義)』 『Daedaeryegi(大戴禮記)』 『Chaejongrang’s collection of literary works(蔡中郞集)』 and others is synthesized, Yeong-Dae is, that is to say, Myeong-Dang and simultaneously Myo-Dang. At the very place did a king proclaim political orders. Because of which, Myeong-Dang also means Nochim(路寢), Taesil located in the northern part of Myo-Dang.