까움안 공동체에서 느슨하게 연결된 개인으로: 인도네시아 이슬람단체 무함마디야의 리더십 변화와 그 영향
From Kauman-Centered Community to Loosely-Connected Individuals: Leadership Change in an Indonesian Islamic Organization, Muhammadiyah, and Its Impacts
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무함마디야는 인도네시아에서 두 번째로 규모가 큰 이슬람단체이다. 이 글 의 목적은 무함마디야 지도자의 배경을 출생지, 친족관계, 학력과 직업 등을 통 해 검토하고 이들의 배경에서 나타나는 변화의 양상을 밝히는 것이다. 무함마 디야가 집단지도체제에 기반하고 있기에, 이 글의 연구 대상은 최고위원회 위 원 전체이며, 자료가 존재하는 1990년 이후에는 최고위 위원 선거의 후보자로 선출된 39명으로 분석 대상을 확장할 것이다. 이러한 연구를 통해 의장 중심적 시각에서 벗어나 중앙본부 수준의 지도자에게서 나타나는 특성이 무엇인가를 파악할수있을것이다. 지도자의배경을분석한후이를지도자들간의관계, 특히 파벌 및 후원-피후원 관계의 형성 가능성이라는 측면에서 검토할 것이다. 이 문제가 논의되는 이유는 지도자들 간 관계의 성격이 집단지도체제의 운영 과 긴밀하게 연관되기 때문이다. 이에 대한 검토를 통해 무함마디야의 리더십 구성과 지도자간 관계가 파벌 및 후원-피후원 관계 형성을 억제하는 방향으로 변화했고 집단지도체제가 적절하게 운영될 토대를 공고히 했다는 주장을 제 기할 것이다. 지금까지 거의 연구되지 않았던 무함마디야 지도자들의 배경을 밝히고 그것이 지도자들 사이의 관계와 조직운영에 미친 영향을 논의함으로 써 이 연구는 무함마디야의 활동 및 작동 방식에 대한 이해를 심화시킬 자료를 제공할 수 있을 것이다.
Abstract
Muhammadiyah is the second largest Islamic organization in Indonesia. The purpose of this article is to examine Muhammadiyah leaders’ birthplace, kinship, education and occupation, and to identify changes in their backgrounds. Because Muhammadiyah is based on a collective leadership system, all members of the central board are analyzed, and after 1990 when the data are available, 39 candidates for the central board election are incorporated into the analysis. This investigation will allow us to break out of the chairperson-centered perspective and to grasp what are characteristics of those constituting leaders of Muhammadiyah at the central level. The background of the leaders will be then analyzed in terms of the possibility of forming factions and patron-client relationship and of the relationship among themselves. This analysis is pursued in that the nature of the relationship among leaders is closely related to the operation of the collective system. The study will raise the argument that Muhammadiyah’s leadership composition and inter-leader relationships have changed in the direction of hindering the formation of factions and patron-client relationships, solidifying the basis for proper working of the collective leadership. By examining the background of Muhammadiyah leaders who have been rarely studied so far, and discussing their impacts on the relationships among leaders and on organizational operations, this study will provide data to deepen our understanding of how such a large Islamic organization can operate without discernible schisms over more than a hundred years.
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