베트남의 ‘남부캄보디아’ 획득 과정에서 보이는 명 이주민의 역할- ‘용문장사(龍門壯士)’의 활동을 중심으로, 1679-1732

Abstract

This study examines the military role of the 3,000 Long Môn soldiersin the history of Vietnam. These Ming refugees have been understood asthe remnants of Ming troops against Manchurian invasion of China,though their career in China as pirates have also been known in previousstudies. Official view on these Ming refugees of the Nguyễn dynasty isthat they were sent to Mỹ Tho and Biên Hòa, and that they opened arableland, built market places to attract overseas traders, and the spread of Hánor Hoa air began by their settlements. In other words, the economicdevelopment of Mỹ Tho and Biên Hòa area was attributed to thecontribution of the 3,000 Ming refugees. However, author of this studyclaims that the main contribution of these Ming refugees was noteconomic development of 'Lower Cambodia' region, but the territorialexpansion of Vietnam by the military means. As the background of the conflicts between Vietnam and Cambodia,chapter one of this article reviews the military intervention of Vietnam to the Cambodian civil wars based on the Vietnamese official records. Byexamining the operation routes of Vietnamese troops, author made a clearconclusion that the region from Biên Hòa to the west had not been the partof Vietnamese territory until the Vietnamese court sent the 3,000 Mingsoldiers to Mỹ Tho and Biên Hòa in 1679. In the chapter two, author examines the Ming refugee group in Mỹ Tho. Among the leading figures of this group, power struggle occurred. In1688, the vice commander Hoàng Tấn assassinated the commanderDương Ngạn Địch. Hòang moved his soldiers to the upper area of theMekong causing Cambodian king to doubt Vietnamese invasion ofCambodia started. The commander of the Vietnamese troops endedHòang's leadership and put the soldiers of Hòang under the leadership ofTrần Thượng Xuyên, another leader of Ming refugee solders who hadstationed in Biên Hòa. The chapter three traces Trần Thượng Xuyên and his soldiers who werecalled Long Môn soldiers - tướng sĩ Long Môn by the court chronicle ofVietnam. From 1689 to 1730s, the Long Môn soldiers were found in everywar between Vietnam and Cambodia as the form of the vanguard underthe command of Trần Thượng Xuyên. The contribution of Trần ThượngXuyên and his soldiers was impressive until the Biên Hòa and Hà Tiênwere connected together by the new lands of Vietnam in 'LowerCambodia' in 1732. Author concludes that the role of the 3,000 Ming refugees in the fieldof agriculture and trade was not as big as the court chronicle claims. Morecontribution of the soldiers was in the field of military operation toconvert the most of the lands of Lower Cambodia to those of Vietnam. They were properly used as the tool of oppressing the resistance of Cambodia, a barbarian - man- country from the point of Vietnamese view. But to the eyes of Vietnamese court, the Long Môn soldiers also couldhave been another barbarians if we remember Vietnamese tactic of 'diman công man (to strike barbarians by barbarians)' The fact that the Mingrefugees had been pirates in the South China Sea and the Gulf of Tonkingwas an enough reason for the Vietnamese kings to regard the Chinesesoldiers as to be man.