본문 바로가기
KERD
논문KCI 등재

The role of peroxidases in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis

오구택|박종길
생화학분자생물학회 (Korean Society Of Biochemistry And Molecular Biology)|2011.08|BMB Reports|제44권 제8호|pp. 497-505

1

조회

0

다운로드

13

인용

0

참고문헌

키워드

Oxidative stressReactive oxygen speciesAtherosclerosisCatalasePeroxidaseGlutathione peroxidasePeroxiredoxin
주제분류화학

초록

Reactive oxygen species (ROS), which include superoxide anions and peroxides, induce oxidative stress, contributing to the initiation and progression of cardiovascular diseases involving atherosclerosis. The endogenous and exogenous factors hypercholesterolemia, hyperglycemia, hypertension, and shear stress induce various enzyme systems such as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) oxidase, xanthine oxidase, and lipoxygenase in vascular and immune cells,which generate ROS. Besides inducing oxidative stress, ROS mediate signaling pathways involved in monocyte adhesion and infiltration, platelet activation, and smooth muscle cell migration. A number of antioxidant enzymes (e.g., superoxide dismutases, catalase, glutathione peroxidases, and peroxiredoxins)regulate ROS in vascular and immune cells. Atherosclerosis results from a local imbalance between ROS production and these antioxidant enzymes. In this review, we will discuss 1) oxidative stress and atherosclerosis, 2) ROS-dependent atherogenic signaling in endothelial cells, macrophages,and vascular smooth muscle cells, 3) roles of peroxidases in atherosclerosis, and 4) antioxidant drugs and therapeutic perspectives. [BMB reports 2011; 44(8): 497-505]

Abstract

Reactive oxygen species (ROS), which include superoxide anions and peroxides, induce oxidative stress, contributing to the initiation and progression of cardiovascular diseases involving atherosclerosis. The endogenous and exogenous factors hypercholesterolemia, hyperglycemia, hypertension, and shear stress induce various enzyme systems such as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) oxidase, xanthine oxidase, and lipoxygenase in vascular and immune cells,which generate ROS. Besides inducing oxidative stress, ROS mediate signaling pathways involved in monocyte adhesion and infiltration, platelet activation, and smooth muscle cell migration. A number of antioxidant enzymes (e.g., superoxide dismutases, catalase, glutathione peroxidases, and peroxiredoxins)regulate ROS in vascular and immune cells. Atherosclerosis results from a local imbalance between ROS production and these antioxidant enzymes. In this review, we will discuss 1) oxidative stress and atherosclerosis, 2) ROS-dependent atherogenic signaling in endothelial cells, macrophages,and vascular smooth muscle cells, 3) roles of peroxidases in atherosclerosis, and 4) antioxidant drugs and therapeutic perspectives. [BMB reports 2011; 44(8): 497-505]

참고문헌 (103)

  1. Lloyd-Jones, D, "Executive summary: heart disease and stroke statistics-2010 update: a report from the American Heart Association", Circulation, 121, pp.948~954 (2010)
  2. Ross, R, "Atherosclerosis--an inflammatory disease", N. Engl. J. Med, 340, pp.115~126 (1999)
  3. Libby, P, "Inflammation in atherosclerosis", Nature, 420, pp.868~874 (2002)
  4. Charo, I. F, "Anti-inflammatory therapeutics for the treatment of atherosclerosis", Nat. Rev. Drug. Discov, 10, pp.365~376 (2011)
  5. Navab, M, "The Yin and Yang of oxidation in the development of the fatty streak. A review based on the 1994 George Lyman Duff Memorial Lecture", Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol, 16, pp.831~842 (1996)
  6. Navab, M, "The oxidation hypothesis of atherogenesis: the role of oxidized phospholipids and HDL", J. Lipid. Res, 45, pp.993~1007 (2004)
  7. Vora, D. K, "Induction of P-selectin by oxidized lipoproteins. Separate effects on synthesis and surface expression", Circ. Res, 80, pp.810~818 (1997)
  8. Takei, A, "Expression of adhesion molecules by human endothelial cells exposed to oxidized low density lipoprotein. Influences of degree of oxidation and location of oxidized LDL", Atherosclerosis, 154, pp.79~86 (2001)
  9. Klouche, M, "Enzymatically modified, nonoxidized LDL induces selective adhesion and transmigration of monocytes and T-lymphocytes through human endothelial cell monolayers", Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol, 19, pp.784~793 (1999)
  10. Khan, B. V, "Modified low density lipoprotein and its constituents augment cytokine-activated vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 gene expression in human vascular endothelial cells", J. Clin. Invest, 95, pp.1262~1270 (1995)
  11. Cushing, S. D, "Minimally modified low density lipoprotein induces monocyte chemotactic protein 1 in human endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells", Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A, 87, pp.5134~5138 (1990)
  12. Rajavashisth, T. B, "Induction of endothelial cell expression of granulocyte and macrophage colony-stimulating factors by modified low-density lipoproteins", Nature, 344, pp.254~257 (1990)
  13. Wittchen, E. S, "Endothelial signaling in paracellular and transcellular leukocyte transmigration", Front. Biosci, 14, pp.2522~2545 (2009)
  14. Lyons,T.J, "Glycation and oxidation: a role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis", Am. J. Cardiol, 71, pp.26B~31B (1993)
  15. Shibata, N, "Regulation of macrophage function in inflammation and atherosclerosis", J. Lipid. Res, 50, pp.S277~S281 (2009)
  16. Madamanchi, N. R, "Oxidative stress and vascular disease. Arterioscler", Thromb. Vasc. Biol, 25, pp.29~38 (2005)
  17. Glass, C. K, "Atherosclerosis. the road ahead", Cell, 104, pp.503~506 (2001)
  18. Davies, M. J, "Risk of thrombosis in human atherosclerotic plaques: role of extracellular lipid, macrophage, and smooth muscle cell content", Br. Heart. J, 69, pp.377~381 (1993)
  19. Brandes, R. P, "Vascular NADPH oxidases: molecular mechanisms of activation", Cardiovasc. Res, 65, pp.16~27 (2005)
  20. Cai, H, "NAD(P)H oxidase-dependent self-propagation of hydrogen peroxide and vascular disease", Circ. Res, 96, pp.818~822 (2005)
  21. Hink, U, "Mechanisms underlying endothelial dysfunction in diabetes mellitus", Circ. Res, 88, pp.E14~E22 (2001)
  22. Warnholtz, A, "Increased NADH-oxidase-mediated superoxide production in the early stages of atherosclerosis: evidence for involvement of the renin-angiotensin system", Circulation, 99, pp.2027~2033 (1999)
  23. Li, H, "Reversal of endothelial nitric oxide synthase uncoupling and up-regulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression lowers blood pressure in hypertensive rats", J. Am. Coll. Cardiol, 47, pp.2536~2544 (2006)
  24. Forstermann,U, "Oxidative stress in vascular disease: causes, defense mechanisms and potential therapies", Nat. Clin. Pract. Cardiovasc. Med, 5, pp.338~349 (2008)
  25. Sorescu, D, "Superoxide production and expression of nox family proteins in human atherosclerosis", Circulation, 105, pp.1429~1435 (2002)
  26. Barry-Lane, P. A, "p47phox is required for atherosclerotic lesion progression in ApoE(−", −) mice, 2001, pp.108, 1513~1522
  27. Schroder, K, "Xanthine oxidase inhibitor tungsten prevents the development of atherosclerosis in ApoE knockout mice fed a Western-type diet", Free. Radic. Biol. Med, 41, pp.1353~1360 (2006)
  28. 김재홍, "Anti-atherogenic effect of BHB-TZD having inhibitory activities on cyclooxygenase and 5-lipoxygenase in hyperlipidemic mice", Atherosclerosis, 212, pp.146~152
  29. Jae-Hoon Choi, "5-(4-Hydroxy-2,3,5-trimethylbenzylidene) thiazolidine-2,4-dione attenuates atherosclerosis possibly by reducing monocyte recruitment to the lesion", Experimental and Molecular Medicine, 43(8), pp.471~478 (2011), 생화학분자생물학회
  30. 이서구, "Cellular regulation by hydrogen peroxide", Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN, 14(3), pp.S211~S215, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Ltd.
  31. Wood, Z. A, "Peroxiredoxin evolution and the regulation of hydrogen peroxide signaling", Science, 300, pp.650~653 (2003)
  32. Babior,B.M, "NADPH oxidase: an update", Blood, 93, pp.1464~1476 (1999)
  33. Lambeth, J. D, "Nox", Duox family of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) oxidases, 2002, pp.9, 11~17
  34. Cai,H, "Hydrogen peroxide regulation of endothelial function: origins, mechanisms, and consequences", Cardiovasc. Res, 68, pp.26~36 (2005)
  35. Hancock, J. T, "Role of reactive oxygen species in cell signalling pathways", Biochem. Soc. Trans, 29, pp.345~350 (2001)
  36. Allen, R. G, "Oxidative stress and gene regulation", Free. Radic. Biol. Med, 28, pp.463~499 (2000)
  37. Kehrer, J. P, "The Haber-Weiss reaction and mechanisms of toxicity", Toxicology, 149, pp.43~50 (2000)
  38. Sundaresan, M, "Requirement for generation of H2O2 for platelet-derived growth factor signal transduction", Science, 270, pp.296~299 (1995)
  39. Bae, Y. S, "Epidermal growth factor (EGF)-induced generation of hydrogen peroxide. Role in EGF receptor-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation", J. Biol. Chem, 272, pp.217~221 (1997)
  40. Mahadev, K, "Insulin-stimulated hydrogen peroxide reversibly inhibits protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1b in vivo and enhances the early insulin action cascade", J. Biol. Chem, 276, pp.21938~21942 (2001)
  41. Meng, T. C, "Reversible oxidation and inactivation of protein tyrosine phosphatases in vivo", Mol. Cell, 9, pp.387~399 (2002)
  42. Ruiz-Gines, J. A, "Reactive oxygen species induce proliferation of bovine aortic endothelial cells", J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol, 35, pp.109~113 (2000)
  43. Zanetti, M, "Adenoviral- mediated overexpression of catalase inhibits endothelial cell proliferation", Am. J. Physiol. Heart. Circ. Physiol, 283, pp.H2620~H2622 (2002)
  44. Faucher, K, "Overexpression of cytosolic glutathione peroxidase (GPX1) delays endothelial cell growth and increases resistance to toxic challenges", Biochimie, 85, pp.611~617 (2003)
  45. Colavitti, R, "Reactive oxygen species as downstream mediators of angiogenic signaling by vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2", KDR, 2002, pp.277, 3101~3108
  46. Abe, J, "Reactive oxygen species activate p90 ribosomal S6 kinase via Fyn and Ras", J. Biol. Chem, 275, pp.1739~1748 (2000)
  47. Wung, B. S, "Modulation of Ras", Raf, Circ. Res, pp.1999, 84[DOI]
  48. Zembowicz, A, "Involvement of nitric oxide in the endothelium-dependent relaxation induced by hydrogen peroxide in the rabbit aorta", Br. J. Pharmacol, 110, pp.151~158 (1993)
  49. Yang, Z, "Hydrogen peroxide-induced endothelium-dependent relaxation of rat aorta involvement of Ca2+ and other cellular metabolites", Gen. Pharmacol, 33, pp.325~336 (1999)
  50. Cominacini, L, "Oxidized low density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) binding to ox-LDL receptor-1 in endothelial cells induces the activation of NF-kappaB through an increased production of intracellular reactive oxygen species", J. Biol. Chem, 275, pp.12633~12638 (2000)
  51. Chen, M, "LOX-1, the receptor for oxidized low-density lipoprotein identified from endothelial cells: implications in endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis", Pharmacol. Ther, 95, pp.89~100 (2002)
  52. Manna, S. K, "Overexpression of manganese superoxide dismutase suppresses tumor necrosis factor-induced apoptosis and activation of nuclear transcription factor-kappaB and activated protein-1", J. Biol. Chem, 273, pp.13245~13254 (1998)
  53. Muller, J. M, "Study of gene regulation by NF-kappa B and AP-1 in response to reactive oxygen intermediates", Methods, 11, pp.301~312 (1997)
  54. Yoon, J. J, "Protective role of betulinic acid on TNF-alpha-induced cell adhesion molecules in vascular endothelial cells", BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS, 391, pp.96~101 (2010), ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE
  55. Yoshizumi, M, "Ebselen inhibits tumor necrosis factor- alpha-induced c-Jun N-terminal kinase activation and adhesion molecule expression in endothelial cells", Exp. Cell. Res, 292, pp.1~10 (2004)
  56. Park, J. G, "Peroxiredoxin 2 Deficiency Exacerbates Atherosclerosis in Apolipoprotein E-Deficient Mice", CIRCULATION RESEARCH, 109(7), pp.739~749 (2011), LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS WILKINS
  57. Silverstein, R. L, "Mechanisms of cell signaling by the scavenger receptor CD36: implications in atherosclerosis and thrombosis", Trans. Am. Clin. Climatol. Assoc, 121, pp.206~220 (2010)
  58. Stewart, C. R, "CD36 ligands promote sterile inflammation through assembly of a Toll-like receptor 4 and 6 heterodimer", Nat. Immunol, 11, pp.155~161 (2010)
  59. Miller, Y. I, "Minimally modified LDL binds to CD14, induces macrophage spreading via TLR4", MD-2, and inhibits phagocytosis of apoptotic cells, 2003, pp.278, 1561~1568
  60. Miller, Y. I, "Toll-like receptor 4-dependent and -independent cytokine secretion induced by minimally oxidized low-density lipoprotein in macrophages", Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol, 25, pp.1213~1219 (2005)
  61. Bae, Y. S, "Macrophages Generate Reactive Oxygen Species in Response to Minimally Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein Toll-Like Receptor 4-and Spleen Tyrosine Kinase-Dependent Activation of NADPH Oxidase 2", CIRCULATION RESEARCH, 104, pp.210~U147 (2009), LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS
  62. Kamata, H, "Redox regulation of cellular signalling", Cell. Signal, 11, pp.1~14 (1999)
  63. Forman, H. J, "Reactive oxygen species and cell signaling: respiratory burst in macrophage signaling", Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care. Med, 166, pp.S4~S8 (2002)
  64. Rhee, J. W, "NF-kappaB-dependent regulation of matrix metalloproteinase-9 gene expression by lipopolysaccharide in a macrophage cell line RAW 264.7", J. Biochem. Mol. Biol, 40, pp.88~94 (2007)
  65. Kyu Yeon Han, "Suppressive effects of Lithospermum erythrorhizon extracts onlipopolysaccharide-induced activation of AP-1 and NF-κB viamitogen-activated protein kinase pathways in mousemacrophage cells", BMB reports, 41(4), pp.328~333 (2008), 한국생화학분자생물학회
  66. Abate, C, "Redox regulation of fos and jun DNA-binding activity in vitro", Science, 249, pp.1157~1161 (1990)
  67. Ogawa, S, "Molecular determinants of crosstalk between nuclear receptors and toll-like receptors", Cell, 122, pp.707~721 (2005)
  68. Roebuck, K. A, "Stimulusspecific regulation of chemokine expression involves differential activation of the redox-responsive transcription factors AP-1 and NF-kappaB", J. Leukoc. Biol, 65, pp.291~298 (1999)
  69. Taniyama, Y, "Reactive oxygen species in the vasculature: molecular and cellular mechanisms", Hypertension, 42, pp.1075~1081 (2003)
  70. Bae, Y. S, "Platelet-derived growth factor-induced H(2)O(2) production requires the activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase", J. Biol. Chem, 275, pp.10527~10531 (2000)
  71. Choi, M. H, "Regulation of PDGF signalling and vascular remodelling by peroxiredoxin II", NATURE, 435, pp.347~353, NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
  72. Weber, D. S, "Phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1 and p21-activated protein kinase mediate reactive oxygen species- dependent regulation of platelet-derived growth factor- induced smooth muscle cell migration", Circ. Res, 94, pp.1219~1226 (2004)
  73. Rudijanto, A, "The role of vascular smooth muscle cells on the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis", Acta. Med. Indones, 39, pp.86~93 (2007)
  74. Grote, K, "Mechanical stretch enhances mRNA expression and proenzyme release of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) via NAD(P)H oxidase-derived reactive oxygen species", Circ. Res, 92, pp.e80~e86 (2003)
  75. Rajagopalan, S, "Reactive oxygen species produced by macrophage-derived foam cells regulate the activity of vascular matrix metalloproteinases in vitro. Implications for atherosclerotic plaque stability", J. Clin. Invest, 98, pp.2572~2579 (1996)
  76. De Keulenaer, G. W, "Convergence of redox-sensitive and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways in tumor necrosis factor-alphamediated monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 induction in vascular smooth muscle cells. Arterioscler", Thromb. Vasc. Biol, 20, pp.385~391 (2000)
  77. von Harsdorf, R, "Signaling pathways in reactive oxygen species-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis", Circulation, 99, pp.2934~2941 (1999)
  78. Chelikani, P, "Diversity of structures and properties among catalases", Cell. Mol. Life. Sci, 61, pp.192~208 (2004)
  79. Yang, H, "Retardation of atherosclerosis by overexpression of catalase or both Cu", Zn-superoxide dismutase and catalase in mice lacking apolipoprotein E, 2004, pp.95, 1075~1081
  80. Lin, S. J, "Superoxide dismutase and catalase inhibit oxidized low-density lipoprotein-induced human aortic smooth muscle cell proliferation: role of cell-cycle regulation, mitogen- activated protein kinases, and transcription factors", Atherosclerosis, 190, pp.124~134 (2007)
  81. Margis, R, "Glutathione peroxidase family - an evolutionary overview", FEBS J, 275, pp.3959~3970 (2008)
  82. Wagner, A. H, "Upregulation of glutathione peroxidase offsets stretch-induced proatherogenic gene expression in human endothelial cells", Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol, 29, pp.1894~1901 (2009)
  83. Torzewski, M, "Deficiency of glutathione peroxidase-1 accelerates the progression of atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice", Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol, 27, pp.850~857 (2007)
  84. Lewis, P, "Lack of the antioxidant enzyme glutathione peroxidase-1 accelerates atherosclerosis in diabetic apolipoprotein E-deficient mice", Circulation, 115, pp.2178~2187 (2007)
  85. Blankenberg, S, "Glutathione peroxidase 1 activity and cardiovascular events in patients with coronary artery disease", N. Engl. J. Med, 349, pp.1605~1613 (2003)
  86. Loeper, J, "Lipid peroxidation and protective enzymes during myocardial infarction", Clin. Chim. Acta, 196, pp.119~125 (1991)
  87. Espinola-Klein, C, "Glutathione peroxidase-1 activity, atherosclerotic burden, and cardiovascular prognosis", Am. J. Cardiol, 99, pp.808~812 (2007)
  88. Guo, Z, "Suppression of atherogenesis by overexpression of glutathione peroxidase-4 in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice", Free. Radic. Biol. Med, 44, pp.343~352 (2008)
  89. Chae, H. Z, "Characterization of three isoforms of mammalian peroxiredoxin that reduce peroxides in the presence of thioredoxin", Diabetes. Res. Clin. Pract, 45, pp.101~112 (1999)
  90. Wang, X, "Peroxiredoxin 6 deficiency and atherosclerosis susceptibility in mice: significance of genetic background for assessing atherosclerosis", Atherosclerosis, 177, pp.61~70 (2004)
  91. Rhee, S. G, "Peroxiredoxins: A historical overview and speculative preview of novel mechanisms and emerging concepts in cell signaling", FREE RADICAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE, 38(12), pp.1543~1552 (2005), ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC
  92. Conway, J. P, "Dual role of peroxiredoxin I in macrophage-derived foam cells", J. Biol. Chem, 281, pp.27991~28001 (2006)
  93. Mowbray, A. L, "Laminar shear stress up-regulates peroxiredoxins (PRX) in endothelial cells: PRX 1 as a mechanosensitive antioxidant", J. Biol. Chem, 283, pp.1622~1627 (2008)
  94. Kisucka, J, "Peroxiredoxin1 prevents excessive endothelial activation and early atherosclerosis", Circ. Res, 103, pp.598~605 (2008)
  95. Rhee, S. G, "Cell signaling. H2O2, a necessary evil for cell signaling", Science, 312, pp.1882~1883 (2006)
  96. Moon, E. Y, "T lymphocytes and dendritic cells are activated by the deletion of peroxiredoxin II (Prx II) gene", IMMUNOLOGY LETTERS, 102, pp.184~190 (2006), ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV
  97. Yang, C. S, "Roles of peroxiredoxin II in the regulation of proinflammatory responses to LPS and protection against endotoxin- induced lethal shock", J. Exp. Med, 204, pp.583~594 (2007)
  98. Martinez-Pinna, R, "Identification of peroxiredoxin-1 as a novel biomarker of abdominal aortic aneurysm. Arterioscler", Thromb. Vasc. Biol, 31, pp.935~943 (2011)
  99. Urbonavicius, S, "Proteomic identification of differentially expressed proteins in aortic wall of patients with ruptured and nonruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms", J. Vasc. Surg, 49, pp.455~463 (2009)
  100. Chew, P, "Site-specific antiatherogenic effect of the antioxidant ebselen in the diabetic apolipoprotein E-deficient mouse", Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol, 29, pp.823~830 (2009)
  101. Kim, J, "KR-31378 ameliorates atherosclerosis by blocking monocyte recruitment in hypercholestrolemic mice", FASEB JOURNAL, 18, pp.714~716 (2004), FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL
  102. 남기환, "Inhibitory effects of tilianin on the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in low density lipoprotein receptor deficiency mice", Experimental and Molecular Medicine, 38(4), pp.445~452 (2006), 생화학분자생물학회
  103. Steinhubl, S. R, "Why have antioxidants failed in clinical trials", Am. J. Cardiol, 101, pp.14D~19D (2008)

관련 논문AI추천

Correlation between NADPH oxidase-mediated oxidative stress and dysfunction of endothelial progenitor cell in hyperlipidemic patientsJie-Jie Zhang, Jun Peng, Qi-Lin Ma, Ting-Bo Li, Wei-Qi Liu, Xiu-Ju Luo, Yin-Zhuang Zhang대한내과학회 · The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine2018 · 제33권 제2호Unbalanced Redox With Autophagy in Cardiovascular Disease오구택, 정세진한국지질동맥경화학회 · 지질·동맥경화학회지2023 · 제12권 제2호Oxidative stress: link between hypertension and diabetes문준성, 원규장대한내과학회 · The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine2017 · 제32권 제3호Role of vascular smooth muscle cell in the inflammation of atherosclerosis박성하, 임소연생화학분자생물학회 · BMB Reports2014 · 제47권 제1호Native Low-Density Lipoprotein-Dependent Interleukin-8 Production Through Pertussis Toxin-Sensitive G-Protein Coupled Receptors and Hydrogen Peroxide Generation Contributes to Migration of Human Aortic Smooth Muscle Cells유승우, 임현교연세대학교의과대학 · Yonsei Medical Journal2011 · 제52권 제3호고혈압-고지혈증 백서 모델에서 Lectin Like Oxidized Low Density김기석, 김동운, 김송이, 박노관, 조명찬, 주승재대한고혈압학회 · Clinical Hypertension2011 · 제17권 제2호

이 간행물의 다른 논문 (9건)

The functions of mTOR in ischemic diseasesSeo-Kyoung Hwang, Hyung-Hwan Kimpp. 506-511Establishment and characterization of an immortalized human dermal papilla cell line박상윤, 김정철, 신승현, 성영관, 김문규pp. 512-516Niclosamide induces mitochondria fragmentation and promotes both apoptotic and autophagic cell deathHee Kang, 황정진, Dong-Hyung Cho, Ji Hyun Shin, So Jung Parkpp. 517-522Downregulation of ARFGEF1 and CAMK2B by promoter hypermethylation in breast cancer cells김선정, Tae Woo Kim, Ju Hee Kimpp. 523-528Ribosomal protein S3 is phosphorylated by Cdk1/cdc2 during G2/M phaseYou Ri Lee, SUNG IL KO, 함수현, 강린우, 정지형, 김준, 김태성, Min Ju Park, 윤인수, 한예선pp. 529-534
원문 보기