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In vivo molecular and single cell imaging

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Molecular imaging is used to improve the disease diagnosis,prognosis, monitoring of treatment in living subjects. Numerousmolecular targets have been developed for various cellular andmolecular processes in genetic, metabolic, proteomic, andcellular biologic level. Molecular imaging modalities such asOptical Imaging, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), PositronEmission Tomography (PET), Single Photon Emission ComputedTomography (SPECT), and Computed Tomography (CT) can beused to visualize anatomic, genetic, biochemical, and physiologicchanges in vivo. For in vivo cell imaging, certain cellssuch as cancer cells, immune cells, stem cells could belabeled by direct and indirect labeling methods to monitor cellmigration, cell activity, and cell effects in cell-based therapy. In case of cancer, it could be used to investigate biologicalprocesses such as cancer metastasis and to analyze the drugtreatment process. In addition, transplanted stem cells andimmune cells in cell-based therapy could be visualized andtracked to confirm the fate, activity, and function of cells. Inconventional molecular imaging, cells can be monitored invivo in bulk non-invasively with optical imaging, MRI, PET,and SPECT imaging. However, single cell imaging in vivo hasbeen a great challenge due to an extremely high sensitivedetection of single cell. Recently, there has been great attentionfor in vivo single cell imaging due to the development ofsingle cell study. In vivo single imaging could analyze thesurvival or death, movement direction, and characteristics of asingle cell in live subjects. In this article, we reviewed basicprinciple of in vivo molecular imaging and introduced recentstudies for in vivo single cell imaging based on the concept ofin vivo molecular imaging.

Abstract

Molecular imaging is used to improve the disease diagnosis,prognosis, monitoring of treatment in living subjects. Numerousmolecular targets have been developed for various cellular andmolecular processes in genetic, metabolic, proteomic, andcellular biologic level. Molecular imaging modalities such asOptical Imaging, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), PositronEmission Tomography (PET), Single Photon Emission ComputedTomography (SPECT), and Computed Tomography (CT) can beused to visualize anatomic, genetic, biochemical, and physiologicchanges in vivo. For in vivo cell imaging, certain cellssuch as cancer cells, immune cells, stem cells could belabeled by direct and indirect labeling methods to monitor cellmigration, cell activity, and cell effects in cell-based therapy. In case of cancer, it could be used to investigate biologicalprocesses such as cancer metastasis and to analyze the drugtreatment process. In addition, transplanted stem cells andimmune cells in cell-based therapy could be visualized andtracked to confirm the fate, activity, and function of cells. Inconventional molecular imaging, cells can be monitored invivo in bulk non-invasively with optical imaging, MRI, PET,and SPECT imaging. However, single cell imaging in vivo hasbeen a great challenge due to an extremely high sensitivedetection of single cell. Recently, there has been great attentionfor in vivo single cell imaging due to the development ofsingle cell study. In vivo single imaging could analyze thesurvival or death, movement direction, and characteristics of asingle cell in live subjects. In this article, we reviewed basicprinciple of in vivo molecular imaging and introduced recentstudies for in vivo single cell imaging based on the concept ofin vivo molecular imaging.

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