Light-emitting diode photobiomodulation in atopic dermatitis: a non-clinical review focused on immune and oxidative mechanisms
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Photobiomodulation (PBM) using red to near-infrared light offers a promising non-invasive treatment for atopic dermatitis (AD), a chronic inflammatory skin disease. While PBM was initially applied using low-level lasers, light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are increasingly favored in preclinical studies due to their safety, costeffectiveness, and broad coverage. Typically operating in the 400-950 nm range, PBM primarily utilizes red and near-infrared wavelengths, although recent investigations have also explored ultraviolet and blue light for their immune and oxidative roles. Most LED-PBM studies in AD models report immunosuppressive effects, including decreased IL-4, IL-13, and IgE, but often overlook oxidative stress despite its known involvement in AD pathogenesis. This review evaluated 12 non-clinical LED-PBM studies across 310-850 nm, grouped by disease relevance and mechanistic endpoints. Red and near-infrared light predominantly showed immunomodulation in AD models, whereas blue and near-infrared light in non-AD models revealed antioxidant effects such as ROS reduction and Nrf2 activation. This suggests a research gap linking known redox effects to AD models. Future studies should integrate oxidative stress markers and multi-wavelength strategies to fully exploit the therapeutic potential of LED-PBM in AD.
Abstract
Photobiomodulation (PBM) using red to near-infrared light offers a promising non-invasive treatment for atopic dermatitis (AD), a chronic inflammatory skin disease. While PBM was initially applied using low-level lasers, light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are increasingly favored in preclinical studies due to their safety, costeffectiveness, and broad coverage. Typically operating in the 400-950 nm range, PBM primarily utilizes red and near-infrared wavelengths, although recent investigations have also explored ultraviolet and blue light for their immune and oxidative roles. Most LED-PBM studies in AD models report immunosuppressive effects, including decreased IL-4, IL-13, and IgE, but often overlook oxidative stress despite its known involvement in AD pathogenesis. This review evaluated 12 non-clinical LED-PBM studies across 310-850 nm, grouped by disease relevance and mechanistic endpoints. Red and near-infrared light predominantly showed immunomodulation in AD models, whereas blue and near-infrared light in non-AD models revealed antioxidant effects such as ROS reduction and Nrf2 activation. This suggests a research gap linking known redox effects to AD models. Future studies should integrate oxidative stress markers and multi-wavelength strategies to fully exploit the therapeutic potential of LED-PBM in AD.