경남지역 고려 와요(瓦窯)의 성립과 변천

Abstract

This study aimed to examine the formation and development patterns of roof tile kilns in Goryeo by analyzing the attributes of 40 roof tile kilns from Goryeo at 22 relics excavated in the Gyeongnam region and classifying them according to the forms. Goryeo's roof tile kilns are a concept in the history of technology rather than one in the history of the times. Differentiated from Unified Silla's roof tile kilns right before them, they refer to planar trapezoid kilns with a tiered brazier. In the Gyeongnam region, roof tile kilns from Goryeo are divided into ten forms with five stages of changing patterns. Stage 1 began when Unified Silla was replaced with Goryeo and lasted till the second half of the tenth century(end of Unified Silla's roof tile kilns). Stage 2 spanned from the late tenth century to the middle 11th century(creation of Goryeo's roof tile kilns). Stage 3 spanned from the middle and late 11th century to the first half of the 12th century(first period of changes to Goryeo's roof tile kilns). Stage 3 spanned from the middle 12th century to the middle and late 13th century(stabilization of Goryeo's roof tile kilns). Stage 5 began in the second half of the 13th century and ended in early Joseon(second period of changes to Goryeo's roof tile kilns). In the stage of their creation in the Gyeongnam region, Goryeo's roof tile kilns were characterized by the construction of planar short trapezoid firing chamber, conversion into the subterranean kiln body style, and generalization of tiered brazier in the combustion chamber. The short trapezoid form of firing chamber was the first attempt since the construction of roof tile kilns and provided a structure for the efficient firing of quality roof tiles. Goryeo's roof tile kilns were built between the late tenth century to the early 11th century when the local systems were arranged with powerful centralization in place. It seems that these changes to the political system had impacts on material culture. After undergoing the first period of changes, Goryeo's roof tile kilns entered the stage of stabilization, which was characterized by a shift toward the planar trapezoid firing chamber and the generalization of semi-above ground kiln body style. The planar trapezoid firing chamber meant that the firing chamber grew bigger than before. The increasing size of kilns was a way to produce roof tiles in large volumes. This structural change was generally considered to have happened according to growing demand, but the investigator found its cause in growing productive capacity per unit since the 12th century witnessed the gradual disappearance of drifting and Bugok among the lower class according to social and economic changes rather than the construction of building and other projects to drive the demand for roof tiles. It is likely that the Waso situation was not different from this and led to the reduction of roof tile producers.