Conversion of calcite from cockle shells to bioactive nanorod hydroxyapatite for biomedical applications
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Bioactive ceramics such as hydroxyapatite (HA) can mimic the organic structure of human bone. HA was successfullysynthesized from animal bones, corals, and eggshells which have been studied for bone repairing treatment and as implantcoatings. This study aims to synthesize nanorod HA from cockle shells via two routes: calcination and the hydrothermalmethod. The raw cockle shells were converted to calcite by calcination method at 450 oC (CS450) and 800 oC (CS800) for 2 hrs. The calcite calcium carbonate samples were reacted with diammonium hydrogen phosphate and hydrothermally treated at110 oC. The pH of the solution was kept at 10.5 throughout the synthesis step by adding drops of ammonia. Product obtainedwas labelled as HA450 and HA800 containing HA powder. Presence of calcite phase in the raw cockle shells was characterizedby utilizing Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transforms infrared spectrophotometer(FTIR) analyses and morphologically analyzed by Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The best result wasobtained from the HA800 sample where nanoparticle with rod-like shape was observed (aspect ratio = 7) while needle-likeparticle was seen in HA450 sample (aspect ratio = 20). High purity HA was developed in HA800 sample while HA450 showedsmall presence of calcite phase. In vitro bioactivity test of HA powder samples incubated simulated body fluid (SBF) for 1, 3,8, 15 and 21 days showed high bioactivity in both samples by forming apatite agglomerate on the surfaces. Highermicrohardness strength was observed in HA800 compared to HA450, CS450 and CS800 sintered pellet samples.
Abstract
Bioactive ceramics such as hydroxyapatite (HA) can mimic the organic structure of human bone. HA was successfullysynthesized from animal bones, corals, and eggshells which have been studied for bone repairing treatment and as implantcoatings. This study aims to synthesize nanorod HA from cockle shells via two routes: calcination and the hydrothermalmethod. The raw cockle shells were converted to calcite by calcination method at 450 oC (CS450) and 800 oC (CS800) for 2 hrs. The calcite calcium carbonate samples were reacted with diammonium hydrogen phosphate and hydrothermally treated at110 oC. The pH of the solution was kept at 10.5 throughout the synthesis step by adding drops of ammonia. Product obtainedwas labelled as HA450 and HA800 containing HA powder. Presence of calcite phase in the raw cockle shells was characterizedby utilizing Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transforms infrared spectrophotometer(FTIR) analyses and morphologically analyzed by Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The best result wasobtained from the HA800 sample where nanoparticle with rod-like shape was observed (aspect ratio = 7) while needle-likeparticle was seen in HA450 sample (aspect ratio = 20). High purity HA was developed in HA800 sample while HA450 showedsmall presence of calcite phase. In vitro bioactivity test of HA powder samples incubated simulated body fluid (SBF) for 1, 3,8, 15 and 21 days showed high bioactivity in both samples by forming apatite agglomerate on the surfaces. Highermicrohardness strength was observed in HA800 compared to HA450, CS450 and CS800 sintered pellet samples.
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