Comparative study on composition and firing atmosphere of hare's fur glaze and oil spot glaze from Jian Kiln in Song Dynasty (960-1279 A.D.)
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This study systematically compared the chemical composition, phase constitution, and microstructure of Song dynasty Jiankiln hare’s fur glaze and oil spot glaze, and employed simulated experiments to investigate the relationship between theformation and composition of their surface patterns and the firing atmosphere, thereby revealing the intrinsic reasons forthe rarity of oil spot glaze. The results indicate that although the ceramic bodies of both glazes exhibit similar chemicalcompositions and their surface patterns are primarily composed of ε-Fe₂O₃ crystals, significant differences exist in theirglaze formulations. The hare’s fur glaze contains higher levels of CaO and Fe₂O₃—components that facilitate crystallineprecipitation—resulting in a more stable composition, whereas the oil spot glaze exhibits elevated contents of SiO₂ andK₂O, leading to greater compositional variability and characteristics unfavorable for crystalline precipitation. Simulatedexperiments demonstrated that the formation of hare’s fur patterns is less dependent on the firing atmosphere, as similarpatterns can form under both oxidizing and reducing conditions; in contrast, the oil spot glaze requires a reducing atmospherewith a CO volume concentration of 13.67–15.38 vol% for the development of its distinctive patterns. This finding suggeststhat the marked rarity of oil spot glaze in Song dynasty Jian kilns, compared to hare’s fur glaze, is likely attributable to itsmore demanding chemical composition and firing atmosphere requirements.
Abstract
This study systematically compared the chemical composition, phase constitution, and microstructure of Song dynasty Jiankiln hare’s fur glaze and oil spot glaze, and employed simulated experiments to investigate the relationship between theformation and composition of their surface patterns and the firing atmosphere, thereby revealing the intrinsic reasons forthe rarity of oil spot glaze. The results indicate that although the ceramic bodies of both glazes exhibit similar chemicalcompositions and their surface patterns are primarily composed of ε-Fe₂O₃ crystals, significant differences exist in theirglaze formulations. The hare’s fur glaze contains higher levels of CaO and Fe₂O₃—components that facilitate crystallineprecipitation—resulting in a more stable composition, whereas the oil spot glaze exhibits elevated contents of SiO₂ andK₂O, leading to greater compositional variability and characteristics unfavorable for crystalline precipitation. Simulatedexperiments demonstrated that the formation of hare’s fur patterns is less dependent on the firing atmosphere, as similarpatterns can form under both oxidizing and reducing conditions; in contrast, the oil spot glaze requires a reducing atmospherewith a CO volume concentration of 13.67–15.38 vol% for the development of its distinctive patterns. This finding suggeststhat the marked rarity of oil spot glaze in Song dynasty Jian kilns, compared to hare’s fur glaze, is likely attributable to itsmore demanding chemical composition and firing atmosphere requirements.