Microstructural and Iron Oxide Characteristics of Goryeo Stoneware Excavated from the Korean Seabed According to Firing Temperature
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This study elucidates the firing characteristics of Goryeo stoneware recovered from marine environments by correlating the mineralogical and microstructural features of the clay body with iron oxidation states. Crystal structure analysis revealed variations in constituent minerals, such as the presence or absence of alkali feldspar, mullite, and cristobalite, among sherds, enabling classification of samples into three groups: Groups 1, 2, and 3. Various physicochemical analyses then compared group characteristics. The results demonstrated that, with increasing firing temperature, pore morphology and frequency, as well as vitrification, differed across groups; open porosity and water absorption decreased, while specific gravity increased. Discriminant analysis of trace-element compositions indicated material similarities between the medium-temperature and high-temperature firing groups. In contrast, colorimetric measurements, major-element compositions, and Mössbauer spectroscopic results showed no clear trends corresponding to firing-temperature groups. This likely reflects stoneware production characteristics, where clay bodies derive from nonstandardized raw materials, such that compositional variation outweighs firing temperature effects. Subtle micro-firing environments within the kiln during production also contributed significantly.
Abstract
This study elucidates the firing characteristics of Goryeo stoneware recovered from marine environments by correlating the mineralogical and microstructural features of the clay body with iron oxidation states. Crystal structure analysis revealed variations in constituent minerals, such as the presence or absence of alkali feldspar, mullite, and cristobalite, among sherds, enabling classification of samples into three groups: Groups 1, 2, and 3. Various physicochemical analyses then compared group characteristics. The results demonstrated that, with increasing firing temperature, pore morphology and frequency, as well as vitrification, differed across groups; open porosity and water absorption decreased, while specific gravity increased. Discriminant analysis of trace-element compositions indicated material similarities between the medium-temperature and high-temperature firing groups. In contrast, colorimetric measurements, major-element compositions, and Mössbauer spectroscopic results showed no clear trends corresponding to firing-temperature groups. This likely reflects stoneware production characteristics, where clay bodies derive from nonstandardized raw materials, such that compositional variation outweighs firing temperature effects. Subtle micro-firing environments within the kiln during production also contributed significantly.