조선 초기 향악용 악기의 종류 고찰(1)

Abstract

In order to find the kind of instruments used in hyangak 郷楽 of the early Chosŏn period, from King Sejong 世宗 to King Sŏngjong 成宗, this study examined Akhak kwebŏm 『楽学軌範』 of looking for the occasions where hyangak was performed. They were the three ceremonies at Munsojŏn 文昭殿, Honjŏn 魂殿 and Ŏjŏn yeyŏn 御前禮宴. The number of instruments arranged for these ceremonies were about 10 more or less, though there was a little difference in such ancestral rites as Munsojŏn and Honjŏn, especially in ch'inhyang 親行 and sŏphaeng 摂行 of them. In the reign of King Sejong (1418-1450), there were 10 of them that are pak 拍, hyŏn'gŭm 玄琴 (or kŏmun'go 거문고 in Korean), kayagŭm 伽耶琴, hyangbip'a 郷琵琶, tangbip'a 唐琵琶, taegŭm 大笒, haegŭm 奚琴, hyangp'iri 郷觱篥, changgo 杖鼓 and kyobanggo 教坊鼓 but in the reign of King Sŏngjong (1469-1494), the number of instruments became 11 with addition of wolgŭm 月琴. As a result of the study, a few different views on hyangak instruments emerged that might contradict the existing ones. They are as follows;First, the problem of the period when haegŭm was first included in hyangak. It used to be believed that it was in the late 14 century based upon the classification of Tangbu akki tosŏl 唐部楽器図説 in Akhak kwebŏm chapter 7. But, according to this study, it had already been used since the Koryŏ 高麗 era. Second is concerning the view that considers pak to be a tangak 唐楽 instrument. It used to be regarded as a tangak instrument because it wasn't in the list of hyangakkong ch'wijae 郷楽工 取才 compiled during the reign of King Sejong and, moreover, it was classified as tangbu akki 唐部楽器 in Akhak kwebŏm chapter 7. This point of view led to the belief that pak is a mugu 舞具 in relation with chŏngjae 呈才, although it is recorded as a hyangak (native) instrument in Koryŏsa akji 『高麗史』 楽志. However, it turned out, through the study, when hyangak instruments are examined in terms of their usage, pak should be considered hyangdang 郷唐 instrument since it was used for both musics. Third is about when kyobanggo started to be used for both the hyangak and tangak. It used to be considered in the reign of King Sŏngjong based on Akhak kwebŏm chapter 7, but according to Sejong sillok 『世宗実録』, it dates back to 1433 (the 15th year of King Sejong). I hope that this study will contribute to the better understanding of the hyangak instruments as well as the court music in the Early Chosŏn period.