한국․중국의 서역 적7조(笛七調) 수용과 변천에 대한 연구 -‘악학궤범7지’와 ‘공척7조’의 음악체계 비교를 중심으로-

Abstract

Akhak kwebŏm Ch'ilchi 樂學軌範 七指, Chilcho 七調 theory of medieval Korea, and the key system of sinawi 시나위 of modern folk music share in common the names of keys, which originate from finger holes of the wind instruments. This may be an indication of identical origin. In order to deduce this, this study compares the systematic feature as appears in taegŭm sanhyŏng 大笒散形 (illustration of tuning rule for transverse flute) of Akhak kwebŏm ch'ilchi with the chŏk 笛 of Kongch'ŏk ch'ilcho 工尺七調, the Chŏk ch'ilcho 笛七調 system of medieval China. As a result, difference in terms of key names and solmization system is found. An attempt to understand the difference of key names led to comparing the modal system of Silla Chŏk Ch'ilcho 新羅笛七調 in ancient Korea, which appears to have been the prototype for Akhak kwebŏm ch'ilchi of medieval times, with the table of modes from the Chinese ancient period of Sui 隋 and Tang 唐 dynasties, from which the medieval Kongch'ŏk ch'ilcho has originated. The result reveals commonality in terminology, in the style of Sui and Tang folk music. This points to the conclusion that in China, ancient chŏksaek chilcho (of Sui and Tang) developed into the medieval Kongch'ŏk ch'ilcho (of Ming 明 and Ch'ing 淸 dynasties) and in Korea, Chinese chŏksaek chilcho developed into Silla Chŏk Ch'ilcho, which later was transmitted to Akhak kwebŏm ch'ilchi. On the other hand, a study of the difference in solmization system led to concluding that the system of Korean medieval Akhak kwebŏm changed into Cognate Syllable Names (Cognate do), while that of Kongch'ŏk ch'ilcho of medieval China developed into Parallel Syllable Names (Parallel do). Since the solmization system from the West, such as India and the Arab countries, use Cognate Syllable Names, like Korean Akhak kwebŏm ch'ilchi, it is concluded that the Chŏk ch'ilcho systems of China and Korea have their origin in the Western Chŏk ch'ilcho theory. As a result of examining the modern development of Akhak kwebŏm ch'ilchi of medieval Korea and Kongch'ŏk ch'ilcho of China, it is concluded that Korean Akhak kwebŏm ch'ilchi underwent many changes as it became transmitted as modern sinawi ch‘ŏng 시나위 청 theory, while Chinese Kongch'ŏk ch'ilcho was transformed into modern modal theory of local folk music. In summary, Chinese Chŏk ch'ilcho underwent the following process; ancient Chŏk ch'ilcho from the West - Chŏk ch'ilcho of folk music of Sui and Tang dynasties - Kongch'ŏk ch'ilcho of Ming and Ching dynasties - and modern folk music, while Korean Chŏk ch'ilcho went through the following changes; ancient Chŏk ch'ilcho from the west - Chŏk ch'ilcho of folk music of Sui and Tang dynasties - Chŏk ch'ilcho of ancient Silla period - Akhak kwebŏm ch'ilchi of early Chosŏn dynasty - and sinawi ch‘ŏng theory.