양산 통도사 사자목 오층석탑에 대한 고찰

Abstract

This study is aimed to consider the Tongdosa Sajamok Five-storied Stone Pagoda by checking the stone Pagoda’s blocks of stone, first made, estimating the original form, and examining the period of production and also background of formation. In Tongdosa, there is a small mountain called Sajamok, and it has a five-storied stone pagoda. The pagoda had been destructed up to recently; however, it came to be restored in 1991 by reinforcing some pagoda’s block of stone scattered around and new blocks of stone, too. According to the results of investigating blocks of stone not restored, it has been found that some lie with several other stone figures positioned in the outdoor exhibition hall of the Tongdosa Museum, and others have been transformed into some pagoda’s blocks of stone of stone tables in the zone of Geumganggyedan, some stone lanturns’ pedestal, or baeryeoseok as well. In the southern part of the first-floor body in the Sajamok Five-storied Stone Pagoda presently restored, two Vajrapani are engraved in relief. But when the pagoda was first made, two Vajrapani was carved on the southern first body of the pagoda with a line and also one Vajrapani was engraved in relief on the western and eastern part each. Also, pagoda’s southern second body is restored with pagoda’s block of stone, first made, on which ansangmun(眼象紋) is carved, and among the blocks of stone located in the outdoor exhibition hall of the Tongdosa Museum, there are some stones estimated to have been pagoda’s blocks of the second body in the Sajamok Five-storied Stone Pagoda; therefore, if anyone intends to measure or investigate this stone pagoda afterwards, this has to be examined precisely then. The period of producing this pagoda is estimated to be the beginning up to the former half of Goryeo by looking into its characteristics, for instance, the five-storied and its scale, no taengju(撑柱) on the stylobate, some myeonseok dressed along on the left and right side of wooju(隅柱) in the upper stylobate and first body, pagoda’s block of stone processed apart, or the foundation stone of the first body processed apart, too. The background which the pagoda was built is estimated by the location of the pagoda, and it is positioned outside the boundary of Tongdosa, that is, Sajamok, the mountain in the south. Sajamok is in between the Yangsan Stream flowing from east to west and the mountain stream flowing from south to north. The mountain stream gets out to the east meeting the Yangsan Stream, and according to Fengshui, such area tends to face flood damage and the serious leakage of earthen spirit. To prevent this, the Geomantic auxiliary temples and pagoda(裨補寺塔) is generally formed around, and particularly, this corresponds to the form of many Geomantic auxiliary temples and pagoda found in Yonggaji (永嘉誌) Gojeokjo(古蹟條). By this, therefore, we can estimate the Sajamok Five-storied Stone Pagoda should be a stone pagoda built as the Geomantic auxiliary temples and pagoda. Meanwhile,『Tongdosaji (通度寺誌)』 contains <Sajisabangsancheonbibopyeon (寺之四方山川裨補篇)>, and to protect the mountains and streams located in all directions of Tongdosa, gukjangsaengpyo(國長生標) positioned in the border of the land was formed in 1085. From this, we can infer Tongdosa was designated as bibosachal(裨補寺刹) in 1085, and it implies that there were many Buddhistic activities done in Tongdosa then. Also, the Tongdosa Museum possesses baeryeoseok on which fine letters, ‘the 11th Year of Taegang (太康) (1085)’, are engraved, and baeryeoseok are mostly arranged in front of the stone pagoda or stone lanturn. By referring to this, this author deems that the Sajamok Five-storied Stone Pagoda built as the Geomantic auxiliary temples and pagoda in the beginning up to the former half of Goryeo, too, should have been made in 1085.