지리산 지역 통일신라 석탑 연구 (智異山 地域 統一新羅 石塔 硏究)

Abstract

Mt. Jiri was one of the five major famous mountains during Silla situated in the south. Today, it covers such administrative districts as Hadong and Sancheong of Gyeongnam, Gurye of Jeonnam, and Namwon of Jeonbuk. The techniques needed to build stone art works were accumulated in the mountain, which shows the mixed combination of local and central styles. This series of complex situations led to the fusion and development of geographical, cultural, and doctrinal elements, which became the driving force of special stone pagodas. The local stone pagodas of Mt. Jiri were built based on the pagoda construction sutras just like their central counterparts. Furthermore, the area witnessed the creation of new types of stone art works such as Stupa of Buddhist Monk and Stele due to the massive construction of Seonjong Buddhist temples. The area also housed the Haenamtong Routes 1 and 2 and promoted active exchanges of products of civilization. These conditions seem to have exerted much influence on the construction of Buddhist temples and stone pagodas. There are total 16 stone pagodas left in the area. Based on the style features of the three-story stone pagodas in the east and west of the Silsang Buddhist Temple, these stone pagodas can be divided according to Periods of I, II and special forms around the year of 840. Total six stone pagodas fall in Period I in the ninth century. As the central style characterized by the double stylobate was introduced into the area of Mt. Jiri, they made the three-story stone pagodas in the east and west of Namsan-ri in Gyeongju and those at the site of the Jangyeon Buddhist temple in Cheongdo. There are total seven stone pagodas in Period II. In these stone pagodas, the old double stylobate was replaced with a single, double or triple stylobate. In addition, the overall construction method of stone pagodas changed. There are total three stone pagodas in the period of special forms. New styles different from the old ones started to appear in the area of Mt. Jiri such as the three-story stone pagoda with four lions at the Hwaeom Buddhist temple and the three-story stone pagoda at Baekjangam. The unique features of stone pagodas in the area of Mt. Jiri can be examined according to the emergence and spread of stone pagodas in special styles and the introduction and alteration of local styles. The three-story stone pagoda with four lions at the Hwaeom Buddhist temple, which is one of the stone pagodas in special forms, had its origin of style in the basic structure of the Dabo pagoda at the Bulguk Buddhist temple, and had doctrinal and structural impacts on the creation of following stone pagodas with four lions. The three-story stone pagoda at Baekjangam contained unique elements to make the front of the pagoda look solemn. Its makers intended to adapt the elements of wooden architecture and build a stone pagoda that would be as similar as a wooden pagoda. In addition, the central styles were introduced in the area via the trunk traffic lines, going through the stages of alteration and utilization. While the pagodas of Type 1 in Route 1 inherited the old central styles, the stone pagodas of Type 2 in Route 2 reflected new styles according to the geographical locations and doctrinal influences.