조선시대 궁중의례용 쌍용도상의 유형과 함의: 일승일강용一升一降龍 도상을 중심으로

Abstract

The dragons were composed in many different illustrations since ancient China. The icons of double dragons ascending and descending, or ascending together had inscribed repeatedly in the ritual objects and paintings. The records showed that the icons of double dragons ascending and descending together were inscribed in the Emperor’s flag, and the ascending double dragons on the ritual costumes. These two icons were especially adored. The icons of double dragons ascending and descending were found to appear since Dang Dynasty, and they were continually appeared in the Song and Jin Dynasty. In the written records of Song Dynasty, the double dragons ascending only, and ascending and descending together were mingled together in the ritual costumes. Therefore, it is inferred that usages of icons of double dragons ascending and descending were widely spread. In the Ming and Ch’ing Dynasty, the double dragons with magic stones were popular and inscribed on the various decorations of utensils and paintings of Emperor. The icons of double dragons with magic stones and double dragons ascending and descending had very close similarities in mode. They were inscribed in the ritual objects, especially associated with Emperor. In Joseon Dynasty when the Confucius rituals were a center of politics, these three icons were inscribed in the king’s decree, wrapping cloth of king’s seal, king’s flag, ceiling of king’s chair, etc… and the objects used by king to illustrate the magnificence of king. Especially, the icons of double dragons with magic stones were painted in the king’s office of Gyeongbokgung Palace which represented as a vivid example that the pattern became a painting. Otherwise, the Korea Empire strived to break away from the previous influences from China and wanted declare itself as an independent empire. It had altered all ornaments and costumes in order to establish a new image of empire. The Emperor Go-jong (1863-1907) wore the ritual robe with twelve pattern icons and the knee covering cloth decorated with pattern of double dragons ascending and descending with magic stones in the flame over the mountain. It was illustrated to express an upgrade from Joseon Dynasty. The double dragons ascending together were inscribed in the ritual robes and wrapping cloth of king’s seal. The icons of double dragons ascending and descending, and the double dragons with magic stones were inscribed in the king’s decree, ritual objects and places associated with king to continue the tradition of Joseon Dynasty. The ceilings of numerous royal palaces were decorated with golden double dragons with magic stones in order to illustrate new aspects of empire. As explained above, the three types of distinguished icons which were used in the ritual objects and paintings from Joseon Dynasty to Korea Empire were to emphasize the magnificence of king. Especially, it is discovered that the illustrations of icons of double dragons with magic stones ascending and descending were inscribed in more ritual objects than the icons of double dragons ascending together. It means that icons were more than decorations of objects. The observers were recognized the meanings of ritual orders through the symbolic icons.