원효의 보법(普法), 사상적 연원과 의미

Abstract

While Chinese Huayan thinkers express essential idea of Perfect Teaching for Single Vehicle of Huayan(華嚴一乘圓敎) as a key word of Nature Arising(性起, Xingqi) or Dharma Realm's Dependent Origination(法界緣起, Fajieyuanqi), Wonhyo does his own idea as that of Universal Law(普法, Bopeop). In this paper, I traced the ideological origin of Wonhyo's key word of Universal Law, compared his usage with the chinese, and tried to clarify its meaning. This made me conclude as follows: The term of Universal Law was first used by Xinxing (信行, 540～594) in the Three Steps Tradition(三階敎, Sanjiejiao) as a classificatory term indicating the highest teaching, and also used by early Huayan thinkers like Zhiyan(智儼, 600~668) and Uisang(義湘, 625~702), altogether with Nature Arising, as a notion representing the core idea of Single Vehicle of Huyan. These two examples of Universal Law in the Three Steps Tradition and the Chinese Huayan Tradition seemed to be accepted by Wonhyo respectively, and he used the term both as the classification of the highest teaching and as the highest teaching itself, Single Vehicle of Huyan. However, Wonhyo's Universal Law has different meaning from examples in the Three Steps Tradition and the early Chinese Huayan Tradition, although they used the same term of Universal Law. In the Three Steps Tradition, Universal Law of the third step means teachings of the Lankavatara sutra (楞伽經, Lengqiejing), the Srimaladevi sutra (勝鬘經, Shengmanjing), the Nirvana sutra (涅槃經, Niepanjing), the Lotus sutra (法華經, Fahuajing), the Flower Ornament sutra (華嚴經, Huayanjing), and the Ten-Wheel sutra (十輪經, Shilunjing), which tell Universal Buddhas (普佛, pufo) like Tathāgata-garbha Buddha (如來藏佛, Rulaicangfo), Buddha-Nature Buddha (佛性佛, Foxingfo), Future Buddha (當來佛, Danglaifo), and Buddha-Meditating Buddha (佛想佛, Foxiangfo). In the early Chinese Huayan Tradition, Universal Law comes withing the category of the teaching for Separate Single Vehicle of Huyan. Wonhyo's Universal Law means the teachings classified as Single Vehicle's Full Teaching(一乘滿敎, Ilseungman-gyo), which are the Flower Ornament sutra(華嚴經, Hwaeomgyeong) and the teaching of Samanthabhara (普賢敎, Bohyeon-gyo). Anyone has no objection to the fact that the Flower Ornament sutra is contained in Universal Law, however, the question is what the teaching of Samanthbhadra is. Wonhyo's teaching of Samanthbhadra, which he adds to Universal Law, seems to contain wide Bodhisattvas' path in the Mahayana, not only Bodhisattvas' path in the Flower Ornament sutra. These facts make us conclude that Wonhyo's Universal Law is reformed by him while accepting from different meanings and categories of Xinxing and Chinese Huayan thoughts.