일본 회사법상 이사의 의무와 책임추궁
Directors’ duties and their liabilities under the Companies Act of Japan
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Abstract
As the relationship between a company and its directors should comply with the articles related to mandate under the Companies Act of Japan, the directors are liable to fulfill their duties with the care of a good manager. The law also stipulates for the directors’ duty of loyalty describing that the directors should follow the articles of incorporation and the share holders’ resolution as well as laws, and that faithfully carry out their duties for the interest of company. According to judicial precedents, the duty of loyalty is not a different duty from the duty of care as a good manager, which accompanies a typical mandate relationship. It is just an additional statement on the basis of the duty of care, not a higher level of liability. The directors’ duty of loyalty and the duty of care come from the status of the directors as a mandatory. As the Article 330 of the Companies Act stipulates the relationship between a company and its directors should comply with the articles related to mandate, the directors hold a position as a mandatory. The directors are entrusted by the company as a mandator because of its trust in their personalities and insights. As a result, the directors are liable to the duty of care as a faithful mandatory, which can be expected in the trusty relationship of mandate. For a stock company, directors carry out the company's affairs entrusted to them, exercise the authority over the assets of company. These assets should be kept for the shareholders and should be used for the maximum interest of the shareholders. In a case that the directors should compensate for damages to the company, the general principle is that the company sue the directors for damages and ask for their liabilities. Regarding this derivative suit, the Japanese Companies Act describes that when the company doesn't sue the directors it must notify the reasons. The Act also stipulates new regulations like limiting abusive suits.
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